<p>The Elgin National Watch Company Observatory is a historic building in Elgin, in the USA state of Illinois. It was built in 1910 to serve the Elgin National Watch Company two blocks to the west. The two-story observatory provided data on time that was scientifically accurate to a tenth of a second. Manufacturers could then produce a more accurate watch. The observatory was an important part of the company&#39;s legacy, and they even changed their motto to reflect this. By 1950, the Elgin National Watch Company could no longer compete with wristwatch companies. The observatory was donated to a local school district and became known as the School District U-46 Planetarium/Observatory. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Elgin was first settled in 1834. In 1850, the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad connected to the city, bolstering the economy. Fourteen years later, two employees at the American Watch Company decided to build their own watch factory with Chicago watchmaker John C. Adams. The National Watch Company was incorporated on August 18, 1864 with $100,000 in capital. Former Chicago mayor Benjamin Wright Raymond suggested Elgin as a location for the factory. The first watch model, named after Raymond, first reached retailers on April 1, 1867. Watches were a burgeoning industry, as the American industrial age demanded efficient timing. The watches were an instant success, and became so synonymous with its hometown that the company re-branded itself the Elgin National Watch Company in 1874. By 1907, the company sold over 600,000 watches—almost one-third of the market share—and employed 3,200 people.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the creation of time zones, cities had substantial differences in the standards of time—in Wisconsin alone, over thirty-eight times were used at a given moment. In 1908, Theodore Roosevelt finally demanded that the United States Bureau of Standards encourage precise timing across the nation. In 1910, the Elgin National Watch Company decided to respond by building its own observatory so that the timing in its watches would be scientifically accurate. Dr. William W. Payne of the Goodsell Observatory was named the first director. Sidereal time was determined on Riefler Clock No. 220 by measuring the position of the stars in the night sky based on the position of the telescope (which could only move north-south along a meridian line). Eleven vertical wires were inside the telescope eyepiece. An astronomer would press a button every time a star appeared to cross one of the wires, which would send an impulse to the clock. This was compared with the solar time observed on the Riefler Clock No. 224 and results published by the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. The result was a clock that was accurate to the hundredth of a second. In the factory, the sounder audibly ticked off the seconds so that workers could set the watches accurately. After the opening of the observatory, the Elgin National Watch Company adopted the slogan: "Elgin Takes The Time From The Stars And Puts It In Your Pocket". The Illinois government also equipped the observatory with thermometers, a thermograph, barometer, barograph, rain gauge, and weather vane. This was intended to provide data on weather to Springfield, but was also reproduced in local newspapers. The company was watchful of humidity, as this could affect delicate processes.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression hit the Elgin National Watch Company badly. Following World War II, Swiss manufacturers began to dominate the pocket watch industry. The final blow came in 1950, when the United States Time Corporation introduced a cheap wristwatch that could be discarded and repurchased for less than the cost of repair. The Elgin National Watch Company ceased watch production in the late 1950s. The observatory was donated to the Elgin School District U-46 in 1960, who added a planetarium in 1963. This was the first school district planetarium in the State of Illinois. Donald Tuttle(1920 - 2010) was the first planetarium director. He served from 1963 - 1985. The second director of the Planetarim/Observatory was Gary L. Kutina. He served as director from 1985 - 2009. The observatory was added to the National Register of Historic Places by Gary L. Kutina, Director of the Observatory, on August 16, 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Elgin National Watch Company Observatory is on the northeast corner of Watch and Raymond Streets, two blocks east from where the factory once stood. It was constructed on a gravel base, which could absorb surface vibrations. Concrete piers were dug 60 ft down into this layer to secure the telescope and Riefler clocks. The two-story building can be split into three segments: the entrance, the observatory, and the office. The entrance segment connects the other two segments. The walls are made of lath and plaster and the room features a lavatory. The second floor above the entrance is the chronograph room, with one of the two Riefler clocks on a pier. A switchboard in this room directed signals from the observatory to the offices in Chicago. The south wall features a double-hung window. Also to the south is a Warner & Swasey chronograph, used to record the star observations. Also found in the chronograph room were the two auxiliary clocks to the master clocks. These too were Rieflers. One was No. 237 and the other was No. 240. Both clocks are no longer present in the building.</p><br>
<p>A steel doors leads to the entrance of the observatory segment, where there is a stairway to the second floor and a small lavatory. A set of airlock style doors leads to a temperature controlled room with two of the four Riefler clocks on one of the piers. In the clock vault there were 58 light bulbs positioned on the floor. The bulbs would go on and off in accordance to the demand for temperature. The vault was to be maintained at a constant 81 degrees F. These bulbs along with a ventilation shaft could maintain a temperature to within a half of a degree of 81. The two Riefler clocks found in the vault was No. 220 and No. 224. Above the room is a Warner & Swasey celestial transit instrument, on its own pier. The observatory segment is a two-story, concrete, domed octagon, covered with sheet metal. A 3 ft opening allows observations by the telescope. Steel shutters can close this through a system of chains. Each steel shutter weighed one-half a ton. It was written that the gearing used to open the doors were so easy a child of six could do it.</p><br>
<p>The office segment is to the west. The first floor segment is 15 by with two double-hung windows on both the south and west walls. Shelves and cabinets remain in the room from when it was in use. The floor is carpet-covered hardwood and the walls are lath and plaster. The second story of the office segment was the sleeping room, where astronomers could sleep. It originally featured a basin and a cot, with two double-hung windows again on the south and west. In 1926, this room was converted into a radio room to transmit short-wave signals. A vintage 1947 Collins transmitter is still in the room. A staircase in the northeast of this room leads to the tin roof, now covered with aluminum paint. A decorative metal rail surrounds the exterior of the office segment roof. The 1963 planetarium 39 by addition is on the rear of the building. It features a perforated aluminum dome and a Spitz A-3-P Star Projector. Up to 65 people can be seated in the addition.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Hall in La Grange, California was built in 1855. Also known as I.O.O.F. Building, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It served historically as a clubhouse and as a meeting hall.</p><br>
<p>It is described as a "good example of the vernacular Greek Revival style found in 1850&#39;s California" and "Significant also for its social function as the I.O.O.F. hall for the pioneer community."</p><br>
<p>It has a porch, likely added later in the century, decorated with jigsaw work.</p><br>
<p>It is a tall two-story wood building on a rubble stone foundation. The slope of its roof, together with its front-facing gable with box cornice returns, gives the impression of a pediment; this is one of its vernacular Greek Revival elements. Other such elements are its narrow pilasters and its three bay front with a central doorway. Its trim, which a photo shows is now painted blue, seems to have been originally painted green, contrasting with white for the building&#39;s clapboard siding, in a New England-style color scheme often used in California in the mid-1800s.</p><br>
<p>The Kabetogama State Forest is a state forest located in Koochiching and Saint Louis counties, Minnesota. The forest borders the Superior National Forest and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness to the east, the Sturgeon River State Forest to the south, the Nett Lake Indian Reservation to the west, and Voyageurs National Park to the north. The forest is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>Popular outdoor recreational activities are largely centered on the abundant lakes and rivers in the forest, such as boating, canoeing, kayaking, and fishing. "Boat-in camping" (canoe camping) is possible on the popular 39,271 acre Lake Vermilion, and more traditional camping is possible throughout the forest. Campsites administered by the forest are available on Namakan Lake and the 24,033 acre Kabetogama Lake, which are technically located within Voyageurs National Park.</p><br>
<p>Trails are designated for hiking and snowmobiling, 12 mi specifically for cross-country skiing and mountain biking, 3.5 mi for Class I and II all-terrain vehicle use, as well as dirt biking.</p><br>
<p>Qeqertarsuaq, also known as Qeqertaq meaning just "Island", is an island in Qaasuitsup municipality, near Upernavik, in northwestern Greenland. It is located in the Upernavik Archipelago in the Melville Bay of the Baffin Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Qeqertaq is the second largest island in the Upernavik Archipelago, after Nutaarmiut. The only settlement is Upernavik Kujalleq (Søndre Upernavik) near Qugdlungut, its southern cape. The island is located towards the southern end of the archipelago, separated from the mainland shore by a narrow sound and has an area of 250.03 km².</p><br>
<p>Qeqertarsuaq (meaning "Large Island") is the name of several islands in Greenland. The island near Upernavik should not be confused with the much larger Qeqertarsuaq island, better known as Disko Island, or the smaller Qeqertarsuaq (Herbert Island) island near Qaanaaq (Thule). Qeqertaq is also the name of another island near Upernavik (Danish: Skalø) and of a settlement in Qasigiannguit.</p><br>
<p>The I.O.O.F. Hall in Mokelumne Hill, California, which is California Historical Landmark #256, is said to be California&#39;s first three-story building to be erected outside the coastal towns. The original building was erected in 1854 as a two-story building. A third story to be used for lodge purposes was added later.</p><br>
<p>The third story was added in 1861.</p><br>
<p>According to a local website:</p><br>
<p>"The I.O.O.F. Hall is a grand survivor. Built after the first fire in 1855, the building was sold to the Odd Fellows in 1860. The organization immediately began construction of a third story. The Odd Fellows celebrated their feat—constructing the first three-story stone building in California—with a grand ball. Tickets were $6, plus $1.50 for dinner. Some may have grumbled at the price, but the whole town attended. Little has changed. The I.O.O.F. Hall is still party central. The first floor houses the Hole in the Wall, one of the Foothills&#39; liveliest bars."</p><br>
<p>The Ratcliff or Baker Hill site is a 16th-century Huron-Wendat ancestral village located on one of the headwater tributaries of the Rouge River on the south side of the Oak Ridges Moraine in present-day Whitchurch–Stouffville, approximately 25 kilometers north of Toronto. The Ratcliff/Baker Hill site is located on the east side of Highway 48, south of Bloomington Road in Whitchurch–Stouffville.</p><br>
<p>The ravine on the village site was infilled during the early 1950s to allow for the expansion of a neighboring quarry.</p><br>
<p>The artifacts found on the site in the mid-19th century included stone-axes, flint arrows and spear heads, broken crockery, many earthen and stone pipes, bears&#39; teeth with holes bored through them, polished teeth of beaver, deer and moose for decorative use; bone needles, and fish-spears made of deer shoulder-blades, as well as millstones used by the women for crushing corn. A human skull was found "perforated with seven holes, and had evidently been held as a trophy, the holes being the score of enemies slaughtered in battle by the wearer."</p><br>
<p>The ceramics found on the site indicate that the local community must have had some contact with other Iroquoian groups living in present-day upstate New York and in the St. Lawrence Valley. The large quantity of both ground and chipped stone indicates that the Wendat Village was involved with the production and distribution of stone artifacts. The presence of some contact-period (European) artifacts, such as black glass and copper beads, suggest that the site was inhabited between the late 16th and early 17th centuries.</p><br>
<p>About 400 meters north of the Ratcliff site on lot 10 in concession 8, a mass grave with "many hundreds" of Huron skeletons was discovered and removed in the late 1840s. In ancient Huron tradition, the dead would be initially buried in a temporary grave. Every ten years the accumulated bones would be moved to a mass grave in an elaborate ceremony.</p><br>
<p>The inhabitants likely came here from the so-called Mantle Site, located five kilometers to the south-east in Stouffville, when the latter was abandoned in the mid-16th century. The Ratcliff site was occupied at the same time as the so-called Aurora or Old Fort site, four kilometres north-west of Ratcliff, also within the boundaries of what is today Whitchurch–Stouffville.</p><br>
<p>Today the site is still occupied by a quarry and farms still surround the site itself.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Hall in Santa Ana, California, also known as Odd Fellows Building, was built in 1906. It served historically as a clubhouse and as a commercial building.</p><br>
<p>It was built by the Santa Ana Lodge No. 236, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. The Santa Ana Register, which became the Orange County Register, was the first tenant, on in its ground floor, and stayed until moving to larger quarters in 1913.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, before a planned rehabilitation of the building, the Odd Fellows&#39; lodge room, on the second floor, had all of its "elaborate classical woodwork". And the building was one of the last surviving Late Victorian commercial buildings in the city.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination states: "The Odd Fellows&#39; building is a fine building with much character and fine architectural</p><br>
<p>design, unique in Santa Ana&#39;s large commercial district."</p><br>
<p>The I.O.O.F. Building is an Independent Order of Odd Fellows building located in Woodland, Yolo County, Northern California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1905 in the Mission Revival style, making it the first prominent building in Woodland to use the style. It originally served as a store and a business college in addition to an Odd Fellows hall. The ground floor of the building has housed businesses, including the offices of the local telephone company, and various county offices; the second floor served as the Odd Fellows&#39; social hall, and the third floor was used for their meetings. The Odd Fellows Lodge in Woodland formed in 1863 and had 207 members and two associated chapters of the Rebekahs at the time its building was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Woodland I.O.O.F. Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The I.O.O.F. Hall in Woodbridge, California is a historic Odd Fellows hall and commercial block building that was built in 1861 and expanded in 1874 in Early Commercial architectural style. It served historically as a clubhouse and as a business. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story brick rectangular block building. Exterior detail on the building, believed to have been wooden, has been lost: an upper cornice, window heads, and a belt course between the two floors. The date "1874" and the letters "I.O.O.F." remain.</p><br>
<p>It was built as a one-story brick building, the Lavinsky Store, in 1861, then expanded in 1874 to add a second story to accommodate the Odd Fellows&#39; meeting hall.</p><br>
<p>The Independent Order of Odd Fellows Hall in Ashton, Idaho, also known as the Ashton State Bank Building was built in 1907 in Early Commercial architectural style. It served historically as a meeting hall and for businesses. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>It is built of pressed red brick on a sandstone foundation, and it has a large brick cornice capped with sandstone. Three commercial spaces are on the first floor, with meeting room for the local Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks lodge above. The first businesses were the Ashton State Bank, a hardware store, and a furniture store.</p><br>
<p>It is the only early building in Ashton, which developed quickly after the Oregon Short Line Railroad arrived in the Upper Snake River Valley in 1905, that retains its historic character.</p><br>
<p>The Massacoe Forest Pavilion, also known as the Stratton Brook Park Pavilion, is a historic outdoor pavilion located in Stratton Brook State Park in Simsbury, Connecticut. It was built in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps , and is a well-preserved example of the Corps&#39; work. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Stratton Brook State Park is located in central Simsbury, on the south side of Farms Village Road (Connecticut Route 309). Its access drive leads to a parking area, with a beach and pond to its east and an open grassy area in between. At the southern end of the grassy area a paved path crosses a covered bridge leading to the picnic pavilion, which is set overlooking a second pond. The structure is built out of timber framing, and measures about 20 x. At one end is a large fieldstone chimney with sloping shoulders and a builtin bench. The structure is covered by a roof supported by heavy wooden trusses with rounded rafter ends. The floor of the shelter is flagstone.</p><br>
<p>The shelter was built in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and is one of many CCC structures recognized in a Connecticut-wide thematic resources study. It was built beside Massacoe Pond, created by a dam built by the CCC in 1933. That dam was later replaced by the present concrete dam. At the time of their construction, the area was part of Massacoe State Forest, founded in 1908 with land donated by a local conservationist; Stratton Brook State Park was established in 1949.</p><br>
<p>The Lindsay Creek is a tributary of the Water of Leith which runs through the northern suburbs of Dunedin, New Zealand. The Māori name for the creek, now rarely used, is Puke-haukea.</p><br>
<p>The creek has its origins on the southern slopes of Mount Cargill about 1 kilometre southwest of the summit, and flows south, passing through the popular recreation reserve of Bethunes Gully before reaching Dunedin&#39;s suburban area at Normanby. It continues south-southwest, its thalweg running through North East Valley, passing through Chingford Park and along the foot of the Valley&#39;s Quarry Gardens before reaching the coastal plain of the Leith at The Gardens Corner. From here, it flows into Dunedin Botanic Gardens where it joins the Water of Leith.</p><br>
<p>Several measures are underway to widen the channel of the creek at various points, in an attempt to provide more protection against floods. The creek has flooded on numerous occasions, most significantly in the Leith Flood of 1929 and in 1955, when it led to the inundation of many properties in North East Valley. Protection works have been built over the years, most notably realignment and walling of the channel in the lower part of North East Valley after the 1929 flood and further work on the same area in 1965. Further walling of the channel in the central part of North East Valley was undertaken during the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Danes Hall in Waupaca, Wisconsin, United States, was built in 1894 as a gathering place for the Danes Home Society. It served historically as a clubhouse, as a meeting hall, and as an auditorium. The upper floor consists of a dance hall with a balcony. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Danes Hall was organized by eleven members of the Danish club on January 6, 1877. The group grew to a maximum membership of 300 members before dwindling to 32 by 1940.&#39;The building was designed by William Waters. The building contained a library with over 1000 books. In the winter of 1876-1877, the Wisconsin Central Railroad had just been completed to Ashland Wisconsin and many of the men who had worked on the line were idle.</p><br>
<p>Combined with the young men idled by the lack of work on the local farms, there was an enormous amount of men who had no place to go for an evening of companionship and amusement, except at the local saloons.</p><br>
<p>A group of members of the Waupaca community got together to see what could be done to provide these men with a more suitable environment to gather.</p><br>
<p>Lars Larson, William Bendixen and Nels Larson from Waupaca and A.P. Larson from Farmington township circulated a pledge and a petition. When 12 people had signed the pledge a room was rented in the wooden building owned by O.O. Olson. The first meeting was held On January 6, 1877. Each signer paid a fee of 50 cents and The Danes Home was born. A short time later this building was destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>The Danes Home (De Danske Hjem) was the first lodge to organize for social and literary purposes. In 1882 it incorporated under the laws of Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>The constitution and bylaws were adopted and the name "The Danes Home" was formally adopted. The bylaws provided that all males born to Danish parents, 18 years of age, or older, who were able to read and speak the Danish language, would be eligible for membership. Gambling and intoxicating beverages were strictly forbidden on the premises.</p><br>
<p>After some years The Danes Home Society had their own insurance for the benefit of the sick and incapacitated.</p><br>
<p>The charter members were Hans Yorkson, president; A. Rasmussen, vice president; George Nelson, librarian; Jens Peterson, JohnGeorgeson, George Hennegsen, N. Larson, A.P. Anderson and Jens Rasmussen.</p><br>
<p>The newly-organized Danes Home rented three more different locations before they made the purchase of a building of their own in 1882. The second location was upstairs in the F. Peterson building: the third location was over the post office in the Chady building on east Union Street south of the Courthouse Square. While located here, the building burned. The next location was over Matt Jensen&#39;s market on North Main Street. where the society remained until November 14, 1882 when they purchased the old courthouse that was being moved off of Courthouse Square to make room for a new courthouse building.</p><br>
<p>The old courthouse was purchased for $275, and now the Danes Home Society had a building to be moved to property that had previously been purchased for $600. With the cost of moving the building the total cost for their new home was $1,300.</p><br>
<p>Within 5 years the debt had been discharged and there was money in the treasury, and 560 books in their library.</p><br>
<p>This wooden building served the Society&#39;s needs until 1894 when they sold the building and moved it to the west end of the Water Street bridge where it stood until being demolished in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The current Danes Home (Danes Hall) that stands on the corner of Main and Granite Streets was erected in 1894. It was designed by the architect William Waters of Oshkosh, who was a highly-respected architect of his time. The plans were drafted by Peter Jensen of Oshkosh who was a former resident of Waupaca.</p><br>
<p>Construction of this three story brick building began in August of 1894 and the building was completed on November 22, 1894. The total cost of the new building was $7,000.</p><br>
<p>The Dedication ceremonies took place on November 29, 1894 with about 400 people in attendance. The Waupaca Republican newspaper stated that the building was brilliantly illuminated with electric lights and profusely decorated with festoons of evergreens, flowers, and flags. The newspaper also stated that all who attended enjoyed the exercise, the dance, the music, the social, and the supper.</p><br>
<p>From the description in the Waupaca republican on December 7, 1894, the main entrance from the sidewalk opened through three doors to a vestibule, where there were two doors which led to the assembly hall, ladies parlor, smoking room, cloak room, and ticket office.</p><br>
<p>At the rear there was a wide stairway leading to the dance hall and lecture room. This was a fine dance hall where 15 to 20 couples could dance with ease. In the case of a lecture or other entertainment there was room for 300 chairs and 200 more could be placed in the gallery above, which occupies three sides of the room.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the dedication, and for many years after, the Danes Home was the largest meeting facility in Waupaca. The ballroom was used by the Waupaca National Guard for practicing drills and Waupaca High School used the ballroom for many of their graduation exercises.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 1930s and early 1940s the Danes Home Society saw a declining membership with the end result being reported in The Waupaca County Post on March 8, 1945; "Danes Home, a Waupaca landmark for 50 years is sold." The paper continued "One of Waupaca&#39;s old landmarks changed ownership last week when the D.A. Hall, opposite the city hall was sold to Henry Bille, local tinsmith. The building had been in the possession of the Danes Home Society for the past 50 years."</p><br>
<p>In June of 1975 Mr. Bille sold the former Danes Home building to the law firm of Johnson, Hansen, and Shambeau, but continued to operated his business from this location until April of 1977. At that time, Mr. Bille moved his business to King.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold once again and the new owners proceeded in a restoration of the building and on January 17, 1980 it was officially registered on The National Register of Historic Places. Shortly after this, the building saw use as a successful "antique mall". Several antique dealers sold their merchandise on consignment through the building owners. The ballroom was partitioned off into display areas for the various antique vendors. The main floor and the lower level were also divided for display use. The Danes Home Antiques business operated for several years and then closed in 2015 and moved out.</p><br>
<p>The current owners, Danes Hall L.L.C., purchased the vacant building in August of 2016 with the intention of restoring it to its former grandeur as a community landmark and social hall&#39;</p><br>
<p>The C.S.P.S. Hall in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA was built during 1890-91 and expanded twice in the next two decades. It was a social and cultural center of the local Czech-Slovak Protective Society .</p><br>
<p>The C.S.P.S. was an organization that began with offering a kind of insurance to members. The first lodge of the C.S.P.S. in Cedar Rapids was founded in 1879 and there were three by 1882.</p><br>
<p>The building is a local adaptation of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture.</p><br>
<p>The building was damaged in the 2008 flooding of Cedar Rapids, but underwent a major renovation in 2011 that preserved its historic character. The building has since 1992 been used by Legion Arts, a nonprofit organization that offers visual art displays, theatre, and concerts.</p><br>
<p>Yukon, Oklahoma&#39;s original Czech Hall was built in 1899 by early Czech settlers who were members of Sokol Karel Havliček Lodge and Western Fraternal Life Association Lodge Jan Žižka No. 67. That building was replaced by the current structure in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The Hall, also known as Bohemian Hall, was the focal point of Czech social and musical functions in Oklahoma. It was, and is, the site of traditional weddings, reunions, and family gatherings. Until 1940, it was also a performance site for Czech plays.</p><br>
<p>It is best known for the Czech dances which have taken place every Saturday night since 1925. The Yukon Czech Festival is centered on the Hall on the first Saturday of each October.</p><br>
<p>The building is a national and state historic site, having been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 205 N. Czech Hall Road, at the intersection of N. Czech Hall Rd. and Silver Maple Drive in Yukon.</p><br>
<p>The Czecho Slovakian Association Hall, also known as Preucil School of Music, is a building in Iowa City, Iowa that was built in 1900, as a community center and meeting place for the Czechoslovakian Protective Society , which later became the Czecho Slovakian Association. The C.S.P.S., like other fraternal organizations, began by offering a kind of insurance. The local chapter was organized in Iowa City in 1882. It served the Czech community that was concentrated in the north and northeast areas of the city. Like other C.S.P.S. halls, it hosted social, cultural, and educational activities, and this one also hosted gymnastics.</p><br>
<p>The building is a 72 ft by 42 ft two-storey red brick building with a hipped roof. An assembly room, with a high vaulted ceiling and tall arched windows, occupies the second floor. As of 1975, the room had a stage on one end and a balcony on the other, and was being renovated to serve as a concert hall.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Serra de l&#39;Espina is a limestone mountain chain located at the north-eastern end of the Iberian System. It connects the Ports de Tortosa-Beseit mountain massif with the Catalan Pre-Coastal Range.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Serra de lEspina ridges highest point is LEspina (1,181.6 m). Other high peaks are Mola Carrascosa (1.025 m), Cap de la Faixa Blanca (1.023 m), Tossal de Montclí (960 m) and La Moleta dAlfara (812 m).</p><br>
<p>On the eastern side of the range are some visible barren patches, devoid of vegetation owing to high winds, the very large Rases del Maraco, or Les Rases, at the southern end and Erms de Canduca further north. Other noteworthy places are Solana de les Feixes, the Cova dels Adells karstic cave and the ruins of Mas del Roig, an ancient farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Serra de Paüls mountain range is located to the north of this range.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>The Simsbury Townhouse is a historic municipal building at 596 Hopmeadow Street in Simsbury, Connecticut. Built in 1839, it was Simsbury&#39;s town hall until 1931, and is a good local example of Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It continues to serve as a community resource.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Simsbury Townhouse is located near the southern end of Simsbury&#39;s downtown area, just north of the First Church of Christ on the west side of Hopmeadow Street. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clabpoarded exterior. Its front facade is dominated by a projecting Greek temple portico, with fluted columns supporting an entablature and fully pedimented gable. The front facade sheltered by this portico is finished in flushboarding, and has a pair of symmetrically placed entrances. The interior consists of a large chamber with a stage at the far end. The walls have horizontally laid wainscoting to a height of four feet, and are plastered above. The ceiling is finished in wooden beadboard.</p><br>
<p>Until the early 19th century, Simsbury&#39;s town meetings were held in the local Congregational church. When the congregation built a new church in 1833, it voted to disallow use of the space for town meetings, bringing about the need for a town hall. Town meetings were held in a variety of other spaces until this structure was built in 1839. It was originally located at the top of the hill near its present location, and was moved twice, once in 1843, and finally in 1869 to its present site. Although it was not formally referred to as such until 1882, it served from its construction until 1931 as town hall, when they moved to the new Eno Memorial Hall. It was adapted for other recreational uses by the early 20th century, and was rented to the local Boy Scout organization in 1934. It continues to be owned by the town today, and is available for rent.</p><br>
<p>The Guadalupe Mountains of Hidalgo County  are a 13 mi  long, sub&ndash; range in southwest Hidalgo County, New Mexico, adjacent the southeast border of Arizona&#39;s Cochise County. A small portion of the range is in Cochise County, namely the outlet of Guadalupe Canyon, famous for the Guadalupe Canyon Massacre. The very southern end of the range is also in the border region of Sonora, just north of Federal Highway 2.</p><br>
<p>The Guadalupe Mountains are on the southern end of the extensive north-south Peloncillo Mountains, that abut the Arizona border.</p><br>
<h2>Range description</h2><br>
<p>The Guadalupe Mountains are a short sub-range, and about 13 mi long, north to south. The range narrows southwards, with Guadalupe Canyon in the center-west of the south section, with Guadalupe Creek traversing due south. The Canyon then turns due west to have its outlet in Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The north end of the range contains the highpoint of Guadalupe Mountain in the center west. It is the origin of Guadalupe Creek&#39;s headwaters flowing due southeast and south; directly northwest, north, and east of Guadalupe Mountain are the headwaters of Cloverdale Creek.</p><br>
<h3>Highpoints</h3><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range, Guadalupe Mountain, 6,450 ft, is at the north-center of the range, and slightly west; the peak is located at 31.467602&deg;N latitude, 109.034777&deg;W longitude. Guadalupe Spring is on its south, part of the headwaters of Guadalupe Creek-Guadalupe Canyon; to the east, are the headwaters of Cloverdale Creek that flows eastwards towards the ghost town site of Cloverdale.</p><br>
<p>At the center west of the range, adjacent the Arizona border, lies Bunk Robinson Peak, at 6,241 ft.</p><br>
<p>The Customhouse and Post Office in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., was completed in 1858 in a Renaissance Revival–Italian Palace style. Construction cost was $55,468. The first floor was occupied by a branch post office and the second floor by the Customs Service. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It was already included as a contributing building within the Georgetown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It was designed during 1856–57 by Ammi B. Young (1798–1874), who was Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury. On June 23, 1967, the customhouse moved from its 31st Street location to a new building at 3180 Bladensburg Road, N.E., Washington, D.C. A small branch post office remains on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the building is 61 ft by 46 ft; it has additions to the north and to the east. It has a low seamed-metal roof.</p><br>
<p>The Sussex Post Office and Store, also known as Sussex Community Hall, is located on the north bank of the Powder River in southeast Johnson County about twenty miles east of Kaycee, Wyoming. The store was built in 1914, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bozeman Trail crossed the Powder River at several points in the area around Sussex, Wyoming. Because of the river crossing, Fort Reno and Cantonment Reno were established in the 1800s near Sussex. Fort Reno, located eight miles downstream (northeast) from Sussex on the Powder River, was built in 1865 as one in a series of military posts to protect travelers on the Bozeman Trail. The fort was abandoned in 1868 and burned, reportedly by Indians. In 1877, Cantonment Reno, five miles downstream from Sussex, was established as a supply depot for the Powder River Campaign of 1876. In 1878, the cantonment was closed, and the soldiers relocated to Fort McKinney near Buffalo, Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>After the soldiers left, a few civilians remained across the Power River from the cantonment, and they established a settlement known as Powder River Station-Powder River Crossing. By 1880, this community of 49 people included a stage station, a hotel, a general store, and a post office.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1880s, Henry Winter ("Hard Winter") Davis, established the Spectacle Ranch near the present site of Sussex. The post office at Powder River Station-Powder River Crossing moved to the Davis ranch in 1893 or 1894. The active freight route along the Bozeman Trail that connected the military outposts between Cheyenne and Buffalo developed into roads, and Sussex became a stop along the way.</p><br>
<p>Morris Leitner, known as the "Sage of Sussex", came to Sussex around 1900. He built his home at the Sussex river crossing, and became postmaster, and ran a store from his home. Leitner also taught school, served as justice of the peace, notary public, and county assessor. After some years, he was appointed to the State Board of Equalization, and he moved to Cheyenne in 1938. A steel bridge, the EDZ Irigary Bridge, was built over the Powder River at Sussex in 1914. From 1912 to about 1920, Sussex was on the route of the Black and Yellow Trail which went from Chicago to the Black Hills and Yellowstone National Park. In 1914, the same year the bridge was completed, Leitner erected a new building to house the post office, store, and dance hall. This building became known as the Sussex Community Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Sussex Community Hall is a one-story, wood-framed building that measures 86 feet long and 26 feet wide. It rests on a concrete foundation and has an unfinished basement. The original siding remains, and corrugated sheet metal covers the asphalt-shingled roof. A stove pipe protrudes through the roof on the southeast slope. The long rectangular building is unadorned except for simple knee braces and brackets under the wide overhanging eaves, corner boards, and plain window surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally constructed in 1914 as a combination grocery store/post office/dance hall housed in one large room. The store and post office were located at the east end of the building and the dance hall on the west end. In the late 1920s, the store and post office moved to a renovated garage east of the present building, and the entire room became devoted to a dance hall/community center.</p><br>
<p>The dance hall included a stage on the north wall and a small band stand on the west wall. The stage was often used for school Christmas pageants and "home-talent" plays performed by community members. In the early 1950s, the lean-to on the north side where dinners were served collapsed and the floor needed replacing after many years of hard use. The stage was removed and a partially enclosed kitchen erected from which dinners could be both prepared and served. During this same renovation, the front door and all windows were altered and/or added. The outhouse and vestibule received modifications, wood paneling was placed on the interior walls, and a drop ceiling installed. Although the building was also electrified around this time, it still lacks indoor plumbing today.</p><br>
<h2>Current Status</h2><br>
<p>The Sussex Community Hall was an active place for many years, hosting such varied activities as Halloween, Christmas and Thanksgiving suppers,Mother-Daughter banquets; "harvest suppers&quot wedding receptions; picnics and barbecues; home-talent plays; school programs, and annual meetings of the Sussex Irrigation Company.</p><br>
<p>The two decades following World War II brought many changes to the community of Sussex. In 1954-1955, a new bridge was built over Powder River about one hundred yards west of Sussex, and the old steel bridge was moved to a ranch downstream. The Sussex Road (Wyoming Highway 192) was paved in 1956. The dilapidated Sussex Hotel burned down in 1962. A large flood of the Powder River in 1962 destroyed the new Sussex store and post office adjacent to the Sussex Community Hall. The post office was relocated to Kaycee, Wyoming in 1963. Use of the old hall fell off with the advent of better roads, more cars, and television which helped create a different type of social interaction than that type provided by community centers. The Sussex Women&#39;s Club bought the building from Maude Leitner in the year of the flood (1962), and continued to operate and maintain it until its sale to the Sussex Ditch Company in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Phillip Worley House is a historic building located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1860 Dr. Phillip Worley built a residence for his family in the 400 block of Brady Street. At the same time he built the one-story structure that is attached to the north side of the house to serve as his office. It is now a garage. In the mid-1880s Charles Worley lived in this house and operated a stable in the building to the north. By 1910 the Worley family no longer lived in the residence and it was being used as a boarding house. The house and former stable are now used as living space. The neighboring Hibernia Hall building is now used for commercial space & residential apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Worley House is a two-story, Greek Revival, brick building that was built on what is likely a stone foundation. The Greek revival elements, which is why is residence is considered significant, include a boxy form, side-gable roofline, elongated first story windows, and hipped porch roof. The home also features an off-center front entrance and two windows on the first floor. There are three windows on the second floor that line up with the openings of the first. Wood shutters frame the sides of all the windows.</p><br>
<p>The Hibernia Hall  is a Romanesque Revival building located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Hibernian Hall is located on the east side of Brady Street, near the middle of the block. The building’s neighbor to the north is the Philip Worley House . To the south are the Democrat Building  and the Forrest Block . All of the buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Irish immigration into the city of Davenport started with the Irish Famines from 1845 to 1849 and religious persecution in Ireland, which was all under British rule at the time. The Irish numbered 1,961 people in Davenport in 1858. They generally, but not exclusively, resided on the east side of town in and around the area known as Cork Hill. For the most part, the Irish immigrants who came to Davenport were laborers who worked in such industries as river men, railroads, telegraph building, and in the areas flour and saw mills.</p><br>
<p>Like the Germans, Davenport’s other large ethnic group, the Irish formed fraternal organizations. The Fenian Society was the first such group to form in 1864. Largely, the group provided their homeland with military, moral and economic support. Eventually, interest declined and it was replaced in 1881 with the Irish National Land League of America. That organization was replaced three years later with the Ancient Order of Hibernians. In 1885 the Iowa Hibernians held their convention in Davenport.</p><br>
<p>The Hibernians purchased the Davenport property on Brady Street in the late 1880s or early 1890s. An 1886 Sanborn Fire Insurance map shows a Christian Chapel on the site that would become the Hibernia Hall. It was a two-story building with a deep setback from Brady Street. By the 1892 Sanborn map, the same structure was known as Hibernian Hall. The building dates from about 1855. The group remained active at this location until 1937. The building was converted to retail space on the main level and office space on the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>The building housed Riverbend Antiques from the early 1970s. Its proprietor, Ron Bellomy, owned the building. Bellomy sold the Hibernian Hall in early 2014 to local developers Manoj and Manisha Baheti who plan to turn it and six adjacent buildings into loft apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Davenport architect Frederick G. Clausen designed the front section for the Hibernian’s in January 1891. The original structure is intact at the rear of the building. The Hibernian Hall is a three-story brick building. The foundation in the front is most likely constructed partially of brick and the original building’s foundation in the back is likely stone. The building suggests the Richardsonian Romanesque style found in the vertical grouping of windows within round-arched arcades and the general sense of mass and weight. The building also features wide piers with plinth-like capitals.</p><br>
<p>The Hibernian Hall is a double-wide storefront with a central projecting pavilion. A gabled parapet and decorative pinnacles top the pavilion. The entrance to the upper floors of the building is found in a turned brick arch in the center pavilion. Above the entrance is an ornate grill that contains the building’s name, “Hibernian Hall”.</p><br>
<p>The oversized windows of the building’s upper stories are now reduced in size by infill. The exterior walls between the windows of the second and third story features decorative brickwork. A corbelled cornice is found across the top of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Dillon Memorial is a historic structure located in LeClaire Park, near downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1993. It is commonly referred to as the Dillon Fountain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The structure memorializes John Forrest Dillon who was a Davenport attorney, an Iowa Supreme Court Justice and a judge on the United States Circuit Court. A bequest after his death on May 6, 1914, specified the construction and location of the fountain. The memorial anchors the south end of Main Street and faces the Civil War Monument twelve blocks to the north on top of the bluff. It was also meant to be a focal point and dramatic terminus for the street, which connects LeClaire Park with Vander Veer Park in central Davenport.</p><br>
<p>Like the Civil War Monument, Main Street surrounded the Dillon Memorial. When the memorial was constructed from 1918 to 1919 there were no other structures on the south side of River Drive. The memorial was part of a major riverfront development program by the Levee Improvement Commission along with Union Station and the W.D. Petersen Memorial Music Pavilion. It was at this time that the name of Riverfront Park was changed to LeClaire Park. In 1922 the Municipal Natatorium was built on the west side of the street from the memorial, and a year later the Lend-A-Hand Club was built to the east. The Lend-a-Hand building was also listed on the NRHP. In the late 20th century the memorial returned to its original state when the other two structures were torn down. Main Street was then closed south of River Drive and the area was incorporated into LeClaire Park in 1997. At that time the brick plaza was built around the fountain.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Davenport Levee Improvement Commission sponsored a design competition for the memorial. New York artists Franklin and Arthur Ware won the competition and designed the memorial in association with Paul Schultz. The Dillon Memorial is a Neoclassical structure built in concrete. The style is typical of monuments and public buildings that were built at the time. It also reflected Arthur Ware&#39;s training at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris.</p><br>
<p>The monument is an upright, fluted column surrounded by a circular basin, which functions as a fountain. A lantern sits on top of a platform capital. Bas-relief panels of lion heads and garland swags decorate the base of the column. There is also a bas-relief likeness of Judge Dillon on the column.</p><br>
<p>St Leonard&#39;s Church in Sutton Veny, Wiltshire, England, was built in the 12th century. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building, and is now a redundant church in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It was declared redundant on 28 May 1970, and was vested in the Trust on 27 October 1971.</p><br>
<p>The cruciform church was started in the 12th century and revised in the 13th and 16th centuries, Subsidence because of low lying damp ground caused further damage, which had been repaired by the addition of buttresses in the 14th and 15th century, This was dedicated to St John the Evangelist, designed by John Loughborough Pearson and built on higher ground 700 yd to the north west, opening in 1868. Only the chancel remains in usable condition and was used as a mortuary chapel. It contains benefaction boards, a bier, font, bell and memorials on the walls. The Norman door dates from the 12th century. The nave, transepts and crossing are ruined but remain as architectural features including a double-chamfered pointed doorway.</p><br>
<p>There are two yew trees south east of the church. One which is now largely decayed has a girth of 14 ft, however it is not know how large it was when the tree was healthy.</p><br>
<p>All Saints Church was built around 1250 at Leigh, north Wiltshire, England, and was originally on a site half a mile to the north of its current location. In 1896, the nave, porch and bell tower were moved from their original location and a new church was built. The chancel and the east gable of the old nave remain in the old churchyard as All Saints Chancel.</p><br>
<h2>Moving the church, 1896</h2><br>
<p>By the early 1890s, the church had fallen into significant disrepair and the path leading to it was so wet that during winter it was practically inaccessible. The architect C.E. Ponting urged that the church should be restored and the approached improved. However, the Archdeacon of Bristol, Hemming Robeson, reported that it was "quite impossible to repair the church on its present site and at the same time secure its practical utility. I myself suggested...to rebuild the nave as far as possible, stone for stone, in a more convenient position."</p><br>
<p>This bold course was adopted. Mr. Charles T. Stevens offered to give a site and authorisation was obtained to take down and re-erect the nave, porch and tower at a cost not to exceed 1300 pounds. This was accomplished by carefully marking each stone and each piece of timber to correspond with drawings which had been made to ensure their correct positions and transporting them by hand to be rebuilt at the current site.</p><br>
<h2>The porch</h2><br>
<p>The porch was built in the late fourteenth century and the original roof, the door with its handmade nails and a niche with a pedestal for a figure can all still be seen. Also, probably a stoup for holy water.</p><br>
<h2>The nave</h2><br>
<p>The walls of the nave are thirteenth century but the massive wooden beams of the roof were unique to a Parish Church with a gothic character. The principle trusses of the roof are of collar form with the moulded braces pierced with openings of quatrefoil shape.</p><br>
<p>Everywhere on the beams and bosses in the main part of the nave are carved heads and figures of Jacobean detail.</p><br>
<p>At the East end of the nave, the roof has an oak boarded and panelled ceiling which probably dates back to the fifteenth century and was re-fixed in 1638 when the whole roof was re-built. The bosses are extremely rich and delicate in detail.</p><br>
<p>Standing beneath this ceiling and looking west down the Nave, the text that can be seen on the lower part of the bell tower reads:</p><br>
<p>Colossians Chap III, Vers 16</p><br>
<p>Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord.</p><br>
<h2>The inscriptions</h2><br>
<p>Moving the church to a more accessible site is commemorated by inscriptions carved on the south wood moulding:</p><br>
<p>Rebuilt here 1896 M.J. Milling Vicar.</p><br>
<p>E. Manners R. Bolton Ch. Wardens.</p><br>
<p>C.E. Ponting Architect.</p><br>
<p>W. Light and J. Smith Builders.</p><br>
<p>On one of the south purlins:</p><br>
<p>I.T. I.L. C.W. 1783</p><br>
<p>On the collar of the east truss is carved the commemoration:</p><br>
<p>John Waldron and John Painter</p><br>
<p>Chappel Wardens 1717 and 18. John Flux Painter.</p><br>
<p>The present roof was built in 1638 and this is recorded by a carving in the North side wood moulding:</p><br>
<p>W.T. T.W. H.N. Carpenters</p><br>
<p>(with a fleur de lys between each initial)</p><br>
<p>continuing:</p><br>
<p>Blanchadin Wake: John Waldron Church Wardens 1638.</p><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<p>There is an eighteenth-century pulpit and sounding board. The windows are fourteenth and fifteenth century and in one window in the north side of the nave a fragment of the original glass can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Some of the pews near the pulpit are thought to be seventeenth century. Near the door is the font, with its history recorded on a brass plate at the base of the stem. The Rev. M.J. Milling discovered the font being used as a cheese press at an inn in Ashton Keynes and was told that it had previously been used as a cattle trough. Presumably it had been removed from the church and deliberately desecrated at the time of the Parliamentary Commonwealth when infant baptism was forbidden. In 1897, the stem was discovered forming the base of the north-east post of the tower and the whole font was restored to its proper use. The font ewer was given in memory of D.A. Bird, G. Price, V. Ody, and R. Godwin, who gave their lives in World War II 1939-1945.</p><br>
<p>The chalice is dated 1596, in the reign of Elizabeth I, and the George I silver paten by Thomas Teasle was made in 1723. There was also a pewter flagon and plate for bringing the wine and bread to the altar. The flagon is inscribed "Richard Selby and John Tucker / Chapel Wardens 1776".</p><br>
<h2>The bells</h2><br>
<p>There are three bells. The largest is inscribed "Henry Neale Made Mee: 1627 GH:ESQVYER:EH:".</p><br>
<p>The middle bell is inscribed "Ave Maria: Gracia Plena" and although no date is inscribed it is thought to have been made in Bristol about 1450.</p><br>
<p>The third bell is inscribed "John Parker & John Waldron Ch. Wardens A R 1729".</p><br>
<h2>The chancel</h2><br>
<p>All Saints Chancel (the original church) is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is a redundant church in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It was declared redundant on 1 February 1977, and was vested in the Trust on 24 October 1978.</p><br>
<p>The chancel is entered through a finely moulded thirteenth century doorway which has a hood-mould resting on a human head and a beast&#39;s head. Inside, on the South wall there is a late thirteenth century window having three stepped lancet lights under one arch. On the wall of the chancel are 17th-century texts painted on the walls and framed in designs of clouds and scrolls. The inside sill is carried down a sedilia and in the east jamb there is a piscina for washing communion vessels.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 the texts were re-lettered in their original style and we can see the similarity to the decoration of the Colossians text in the Church.</p><br>
<p>The IOOF Hall, which has also been known as Crest Theatre, is a two-story building in De Beque, Colorado that was built in 1900. Its second floor&#39;s large lodge room served historically as a meeting hall for the Odd Fellows and corresponding Rebekahs groups. First floor rooms of the building served variously as a theater with stage and orchestra pit for local and travelling shows, a community center, and a dance hall. A small projection booth above the lobby, accessed by a steep stairway, was added for the Crest Theatre to begin operating in 1917. Both floors have 15 ft ceilings and there is a stamped tin lining high on the second floor wall.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, when it was nominated for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, the 25 ft by 93 ft building was clad with original, unusual metal siding stamped to resemble stone blocks, which had rusted and had long been unpainted. A 2013 photo (above) shows the stamped siding along the long South side of the building, painted but with rust streaks running down in a few spots. Its front facade includes stamped tin engaged columns and stamped tin panels including flowery patterns. At the top is "IOOF No 125" in raised letters.</p><br>
<p>The building was deemed significant for its association with social and entertainment history of De Beque, and also for its unique architecture including the stamped metal siding.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Ancient Order of Hibernians Hall, also known as Hibernian Hall, was a historic building in Anaconda, Montana, built during 1896-1899 at cost of $30,000. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It was a two-story 50 ft by 80 ft building that includes elements of Queen Anne architecture and Romanesque architecture. Its first floor included five store spaces, two that are 25 ft wide on Commercial Avenue and three on Cedar Street. The lodge room on the second floor was accessed by an entrance on Cedar Street. It cost $30,000 to build and was opened with a grand ball on February 9, 1899. The Anaconda Standard proclaimed it to have the "finest and largest dance hall in the state" and for it to be "one of the handsomest buildings in the City of Anaconda" with its new floor asserted to be a "marvel of beauty and artistic workmanship".</p><br>
<p>Scratchbury Camp is the site of an Iron Age univallate hillfort located on Scratchbury Hill, near the village of Norton Bavant in Wiltshire, England. The fort covers an area of 37 acre and occupies the summit of the hill on the edge of Salisbury Plain, with its four-sided shape largely following the natural contours of the hill.</p><br>
<p>The Iron Age hillfort dates to around 100 BC, but contains the remains of an earlier and smaller D-shaped enclosure or camp. The age of this earlier earthwork is currently subject to debate, and has been variously interpreted due to the inconclusive and incomplete nature of previous and differing excavation records; it may be early Iron Age dating to around 250 BC, but it has also been interpreted as being Bronze Age, dating to around 2000 BC.</p><br>
<p>There are seven tumuli located within the enclosure of the fort, which were excavated in the 19th century by Sir Richard Colt Hoare and William Cunnington. Finds from excavations at that time included relics of bone, pottery, flint, brass, and amber jewellery, most of which can be seen today at the Wiltshire Museum in Devizes. Other items of interest have been found in and around the site including Roman artefacts and neolithic flint and jade axe heads.</p><br>
<p>The site is listed on Wiltshire Council&#39;s Sites and Monuments Record with number ST94SW200, and is also a scheduled monument number SM10213. The hillfort falls within a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, designated as Scratchbury & Cotley Hills SSSI, which encompasses a total of 53.5 hectare, being first SSSI notified in 1951.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name of the hill could be derived from a number of old English words and meanings, the etymology of which are ambiguous and open to interpretation, given the differing sources. One possibility is that the name is derived from the words scratch, an old West Country word for the Devil; and bury, from the Old English word beorg, meaning a mound or hill, or sometimes a defense; although it could also be derived from Crech or Crechen meaning a hill, and burh, meaning a fortified town or a defended site.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Iron Age hillfort</h3><br>
<p>The steeply contoured sides of Scratchbury Hill form natural defences to the north, west and southwestern sides, and in part to a small area of the eastern flank. Elsewhere on the hill the contours are less steep and afford easier access, with the southeastern boundary merging into the adjacent Cotley Hill with only a small change in level. The Iron Age fortifications at Scratchbury Camp consist of a single large ditch and rampart to the most steeply contoured flanks, with some secondary counterscarps to the more accessible sides. The fort, as measured from the ramparts, has a circumference of 1,846 yards</p><br>
<p>The inner earthworks are typical of a "quarry-ditch" formation, whereby the material excavated from the inner ditch is used to create the rampart. Within the quarry ditch numerous curvilinear and circular depressions may represent remains of structures. The fortifications are best preserved on the western side of the hill where the ditch is between 5 and wide and up to 1 m deep. The banks and ditches are generally uneven in height and depth, which is thought to be evidence for a gang dug construction of the earthworks. Elsewhere, the enclosure is defined by a bank 3 to 6 m in height above the ditch bottom, the ditch being 4 to 6 m wide and up to 0.5 m deep. On parts of the eastern side of the fort the ditch is absent and is replaced by a ledge of between 3 to 8 m wide. There are two original entrances to the fort on the eastern side, and a possible third on the northwest side. The southeastern entrance has earthwork marks representing possible outer fortifications, and is approached from the adjacent Cotley Hill by a narrow ridge of land referred to as Burberry</p><br>
<p>Much of the north and west areas of the interior appear to have been densely settled, as demonstrated by the traces of approximately 100 probable structures. These survive mainly as shallow circular hollows of between 5 to 10 m in diameter and up to 0.6 m deep. The best preserved is a rectangular platform immediately within the southern terminal of the western entrance. The location and unusual morphology suggests a special function for this structure, and it is perhaps plausible that a guard chamber or sentry was positioned here.</p><br>
<h3>Earlier Enclosure</h3><br>
<p>Within the centre of the hillfort lies the remains of an earlier and smaller D-shaped inner earthwork enclosure of circa 3.5 hectare, and excavated by E.C.Curwen in 1930. Today, all that really remains of this enclosure is one well defined lynchet of approximately 0.5 m high along the southern section. This feature bears a resemblance to a similar such enclosure at Yarnbury Castle, and was originally interpreted by Curwen to be a Neolithic causewayed enclosure due to its interrupted nature, and the discovery at the site of jade and flint axes.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent excavations by Grimes in 1957 re-interpreted this feature to be an earlier Iron Age enclosure dating to approximately 250 BC, with Iron Age pottery found within the primary fill. It was therefore speculated that the visible interruptions have been made by post Medieval ploughing.</p><br>
<p>However, more recent aerial and photographic surveys have meant that W.F.Grimes re-interpretation may have been in error. A detailed survey undertaken between 1994 and 1995 by the field survey teams of the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England have suggested that the feature is in fact more likely to be a Neolithic causewayed enclosure as originally interpreted by E.C.Curwen. One possible explanation for the apparent confusion in dating this feature is that Grimes may not have excavated fully to the primary fill. The surveys suggest that the feature clearly has causeways, and low winter sun photography shows that the enclosure continues beyond what was previously believed to be its eastern edge, to form a sub-circular rather than D-shaped enclosure feature. The crop mark&#39; visible on aerial photographs shows a continuation of the curve to the southeast of the straight side, thus roughly completing a circle. It should be noted that this feature has also been interpreted as a possible base for a palisaded enclosure. There is also a probable link between the likely neolithic causewayed enclosure and the surrounding barrow cemetery, which would have followed later.</p><br>
<h3>Later Features</h3><br>
<p>There is also a Romano-British or later ditch, running east to west, which turns south sharply at the southwest corner of the hillfort, and which partly overlies the earlier Iron Age earthworks. The main ramparts appear to have been built in the 1st century BC.</p><br>
<h3>Construction Phases</h3><br>
<p>The archaeological evidence suggests that Scratchbury Camp was built in at least two but perhaps three phases. It is generally well accepted that the first phase of construction is defined by the curvilinear portion of the interior D-shaped enclosure, but whether there were distinct second and third Iron Age phases, or merely a re-alignment in the second phase, it is unclear. The scarp subdividing the early fort is a possible indication of a second phase, but this may have been the setting out for a bank that was never utilised. In its third and final phase it seems possible that the fort, having been laid out to include the large barrow, was then further extended to encompass the whole of the top of the hill, to make full defensive use of the natural slopes and resulting in the present day configuration.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Excavations at the site have revealed many items from Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Romano-British periods. Most of the finds are now preserved at the Wiltshire Museum in Devizes. Most recently, Professor William Francis Grimes partially excavated the inner earthworks on the site in the 1950s. Finds included Iron Age pottery. In 1880 two Bronze Age axes were apparently found on or near Scratchbury Camp. Both are in private collection; one is a socketed type axe and the other resembles a late North European (Montelius 6) type.</p><br>
<p>Sir Richard Colt Hoare also records the discoveries of a neolithic jade axe and a ground flint axe, along with various British and Roman pottery inside the camp, as excavated by William Cunnington in 1802. The jade axe is described by the archaeologist Kenneth Oakley as resembling Australian Aboriginal implements. The flint axe is of polished white flint, with the end re-chipped, and was found at the entrance to Scratchbury Camp. It measures 86 mm long, by 63 mm wide, and 25 mm high.</p><br>
<p>The hillfort also contains seven bowl barrow tumuli within its boundaries, and a possible eighth just outside it, referenced as the Scratchbury Grave group, or the Scratchbury Hill Group, and which were excavated between 1802 and 1804 by Sir Richard Colt Hoare and William Cunnington. However, as the three-age system had not been introduced at that time, they were unable to date their finds and therefore were at a disadvantage when trying to interpret them. The tumuli were re-recorded in the 1957 surveys by W.F. Grimes. Descriptions from the reports and writings of Sir Richard Colt-Hoare are given in the table below.</p><br>
<p>Notes on reference numbers/letters:</p><br>
<h3>Nearby</h3><br>
<p>There are numerous other tumuli and long barrows in the area surrounding Scratchbury Camp, including some located on the adjacent and co-joined Cotley Hill to the southeast, and on Middle Hill to the west. On the crown of Cotley Hill is a further Bronze Age tumulus surrounded by an Iron Age enclosure. and a Roman urn was found in the surrounding area before 1856</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Scratchbury is located on the edge of the chalk plateau of Salisbury Plain, and within the area of Norton Bavant Chalk Downland Edge, as described by the West Wiltshire Landscape Character Assessment. The hill has extensive views overlooking the Wylye Valley to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Salisbury Plain chalk massif is part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England formed by the rocks of the Chalk Group; the landscape is underlain by a combination of Lower, Middle and Upper Chalk supporting shallow well drained calcareous silty soils over chalk on slopes and crests. Escarpments are often formed where layers of chalk have been compressed to form a fold, or where the chalk has been faulted, resulting in accelerated erosion along the line of the weakness.</p><br>
<p>For the Norton Bavant Chalk Downland Edge, the character of this area encompasses three distinctive, steeply sloping hills (Middle Hill, Scratchbury Hill, and Cotley Hill), which form a distinct and somewhat isolated unit of Chalk Downland Edge. The hills are covered with long fields, which are predominantly arable, with occasional patches of rough remnant chalk grassland and scrub situated on the top of the hills. Many chalk grassland slopes in England show the mark of centuries of grazing by sheep, the slopes bearing a stepped or striped appearance formed by a mixture of soil creep and sheep paths, and such erosion is visible on the slopes of Scratchbury Hill. Regular patches and belts of mixed woodland populate parts of the lower slopes. Imber military range perimeter paths run across the top of the hills, providing public access to the area.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Scratchbury is located in an area of unimproved grassland on the edge of Salisbury Plain, which is the largest remaining area of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe. The local area supports a rich and diverse grassland flora along with an important associated butterfly fauna, and this led to it being notified as a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1951. Designated as Scratchbury & Cotley Hills SSSI, the site encompasses a total of 53.5 hectare. The ecology and historical agricultural use of the site is such that regular grazing by sheep is required to maintain the balance of the flora, and to control the growth of shrubs.</p><br>
<p>The grassland is generally dominated by sheeps fescue (Festuca ovina), red fescue (Festuca rubra), and upright brome (Bromus erectus). There are also several varieties of herbs, characteristic to the Wiltshire downland, including for devils bit scabious (Succisa pratensis), saw-wort (Serratula tinctoria), and chalk milkwort (Polygala calcarea). There are also many other native and site specific plants, including for orchids, meadow grasses, nettles, and other flora. On the steep slopes horseshoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa), Thymus, and Asperula is plentiful</p><br>
<p>Within the hillfort, a more mesotrophic grassland is present, most probably reflecting past agricultural use and improvement. There are also small areas of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), and elder (Sambucus) scrub, particularly along the lower slopes of the downland and on the earthworks. These provide valuable shelter for invertebrates on an otherwise open and exposed site.</p><br>
<p>The site is of high entomological interest, with 29 varieties of resident breeding species of butterfly recorded. The horseshoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa) is locally plentiful and supports both the chalkhill blue (Lysandra coridon) and the Adonis blue (Lysandra bellargus) butterflies. Other butterfly species to be found on and around the site include for the Duke of Burgundy (Hamaeris lucina), the grizzled skipper (Pyrgus malvae), the dark green fritillary (Argynnis aglaja), and the small blue (Cupido minimus).</p><br>
<p>Other insect groups on the site are less well surveyed, but several rare species have been recorded, including for six species of weevil (Curculionoidea), eight species of plant bugs (Hemiptera), and two species of chrysomelid beetle, Aphthona herbigrada and Mantura matthewsii; both of which feed on the rock rose (Helianthemum). Day-flying moths recorded include for the wood tiger (Parasemia plantaginis), and the rare forester moth (Jordanita globulariae). Small mammals such as rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and badgers (Meles meles) are common to the site and the surrounding area.</p><br>
<h2>Poetry</h2><br>
<p>The English poet and author Siegfried Sassoon (1886–1967), who lived nearby at Heytesbury House, wrote about Scratchbury Camp on a June day in 1942, capturing the ambience of the Wiltshire Downs on a summer&#39;s day, whilst touching on the pervasive military presence of that age and the historical timelessness of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located at, to the east of the town of Warminster and to the north of the village of Norton Bavant, in the county of Wiltshire. The hill has a summit of 197 m AOD. Nearby to the northwest lies Middle Hill, and further northwest the hillfort of Battlesbury Camp, on Battlesbury Hill. To the southeast lies Cotley Hill. The site and surrounding downs are easily accessible by public footpath: the Wessex Ridgeway and the Imber Range perimeter path follow the northern ramparts of the fort, however care must be taken not to stray into the military firing ranges of Salisbury Plain immediately to the northeast. Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty lies to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Hose Station No. 1 is a historic building located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Davenport’s first city charter in 1839 permitted the town’s trustees to establish a fire department. Not long after all the residents of the town were required to maintain two buckets for fire protection. It wasn’t until 1856 that volunteers were organized into the Independent Fire Engine and Hose Company, a privately operated organization. In the following years, a dozen other volunteer companies were formed, and a system of water mains and fire hydrants were put in that allowed for modern fire-fighting techniques.</p><br>
<p>Hose Station No. 1 was built in 1877 and the following year it housed the Fire King Engine 2nd Hose Company, which was still a volunteer crew. In 1878 the team became known as Hose Company No. 1 when it became a paid unit. Hose Station No. 1 was replaced by the Central Fire Station when it opened in 1902. In 1912 St. Alphonsus Catholic Church in Davenport purchased the station’s old bell and placed it in the new church building that was under construction at the time. The building itself became the clubhouse of Battery B, First Artillery Inc., a group of National Guard veterans who served in the 1916 Mexican border campaign. The building, which had fallen into disrepair, was renovated in the late 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Hose Station No. 1 was designed by Davenport architect John W. Ross. This is the earliest recorded commission of his. Ross is also known for his other civic designs: Davenport City Hall and the 1886 Scott County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Hose Station No. 1 is an Italianate structure built of red brick on a stone foundation. The rectangular structure has a central tower on the west elevation. The Italianate features of the building are the second-floor windows with their elongated shape, flat arch hoods, and 2/2 light configurations. The tower combines heavily hooded windows and there is a decorative brickwork cornice across the façade.</p><br>
<p>Firefighting equipment was stored behind two large doors on the main level of the building. The second floor provided dormitory space for the firefighters. The tower was designed so the fire hoses could be hung to dry. The words “Fire King” were displayed on the tower above the door.</p><br>
<p>Easton Glacier is one of the more prominent alpine glaciers on Mount Baker in the North Cascades of Washington state, United States. Named for Charles F. Easton of Bellingham, who did much to preserve the history of Mount Baker, it is positioned on the south face of the mountain and flanked by Squak and Deming Glaciers.</p><br>
<p>The glacier head is located near Sherman Crater at about 9,000 ft and the terminus is at 5,500 ft. The glacier has created two very clear lateral moraines, the left being Metcaife Moraine and the right Railroad Grade. Evidence of the glacier’s movement can clearly be seen on the valley floor. Many of the andesite outcrops and boulders have been polished, and glacial striations are easily visible.</p><br>
<p>Between 1850 and 1950, Easton Glacier retreated 7,940 ft. During a cooler and wetter period from 1950 to 1979, the glacier advanced 1,995 ft but between 1980 and 2006 retreated back 902 ft. Between 1990 and 2009 Easton Glacier retreated 980 ft and lost an average of 43 ft of thickness.</p><br>
<p>Ferry Plantation House, or Old Donation Farm, Ferry Farm, Walke Manor House, is a brick house in the neighborhood of Old Donation Farm, Virginia Beach in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The site dates back to 1642 when Savill Gaskin started the second ferry service in Hampton Roads to carry passengers on the Lynnhaven River to the nearby county courthouse and to visit plantations along the waterway. A cannon was used to signal the ferry, which had 11 total stops along the river. The first ferry service was started nearby by Adam Thoroughgood.</p><br>
<p>The house, which is reputedly haunted by 11 spirits, has been used as a plantation, courthouse, school, and post office. It is currently a museum and educational center. A Summer History Camp, which educates youths about life in the 18th and 19th centuries, is also held on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The area was initially cleared by the local Indians in the 16th century and many of their artifacts have been found on the site. The third Princess Anne County courthouse, the first brick courthouse in the county, was built on this site, complete with stocks and pillory. This third courthouse was in existence from 1735 until the construction of the Walke Mansion. The Walke Mansion 1751-1828 by William Walke, but was destroyed by fire in 1828. Walke may have run a tavern here during the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The current house was built in 1830 by slaves. Its exterior is Federal style three-course American bond brickwork; all of the bricks were from the ruins of the Walke Mansion. Bay additions on each end &mdash; one of brick, one of wood &mdash; were built in 1850. The land side of the house has a two-story porch constructed in Colonial Revival style in the 1950s. The house has 10 rooms with heart-of-pine flooring and several original features. It was once covered with oyster shell stucco. The rear of the home faces the western branch of the Lynnhaven River.</p><br>
<p>The house occupies 0.1 acres owned by the city and is encompassed by 2 acres of open space owned by a homeowners association. There are some small gardens on the property and in the back yard is a large Southern Magnolia planted on April 6, 1863 by Sally Rebecca Walke in memory of her fiance&#39; John, her fallen Confederate officer.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>A group of citizens saved the house from demolition around 1990. Investors bought it in 1994, but their deal to sell it fell through in 1995 when the Virginia Beach City Council said the house could not be a private residence due to deed restrictions. The deed to the property was eventually turned over to the City of Virginia Beach in June 1996, and the Friends of the Ferry Plantation House, Inc. began renovating the house in 1996 in partnership with the City of Virginia Beach. Court House bars (one set and shackles) are still on one window to date.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed in the Virginia Landmarks Register (Virginia Historic Landmark) in 2004 and the US National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and The +Virginia State Register.</p><br>
<p>Belinda Nash has been on the board of Directors of the FOFPH since 1996 and the director since 1999. Belinda Nash is one of the many dedicated volunteers that continue to work to allow The Ferry Plantation House to be enjoyed by so many, including summer camps and many social events that share its rich history and artifacts.</p><br>
<h2>Hauntings</h2><br>
<p>The house is reportedly haunted by 11 spirits; spirit tours are available, including one during Halloween called "The Stroll of Lost Souls". Reported spirits include those of people who perished in an 1810 ship wreck at the ferry landing, a former slave, Sally Rebecca Walke who mourns her fiance&#39; a fallen soldier, and the Lady in White, who reportedly died in 1826 of a broken neck from falling down the stairs, as well as the artist Thomas Williamson, owner of the Manor House who was married to a Walke has been reported seen at the top of the stairs painting. Paranormal groups come to the house to do research. Sounds of dragging chains have been reported, possibly from the days of the old courthouse. Grace Sherwood, the "Witch of Pungo", was tried by ducking near here and the museum sponsors the annual Grace Sherwood Festival, which includes viewing of the reenactment of the ducking. The actual ducking of Sherwood was at the end of what is now Witchduck Road, 200 yards out in the river from what is now a private home. The House has a Red Maple and marker in honor of Sherwood in the side yard. Grace Sherwood is heard yelling at her dead dog Tobias, who is also a spirt that lurks throughout the house.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Hall, also known as Big Horn Odd Fellows Hall, is located in Big Horn, Wyoming, and was built in 1894. The hall was originally used by Big Horns chapter of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and was later used by the Odd Fellows sister organization, the Rebekahs. The organizations hosted community events until the Odd Fellows merged with another chapter in 1949 and the Rebekahs disbanded in 1970; the groups mainly folded because they lacked the resources to maintain their building. The building features a false front, a common design feature in buildings in Western boom towns; it is one of three remaining historic buildings in Big Horn with a false front.</p><br>
<p>The hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows-Rebekah Hall is a historic form fraternal society hall on High Street in Cornish, Maine. Built in 1902 for the local chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows and their associated Rebekah women&#39;s chapter, it is an architecturally eclectic mix of vernacular and high-style elements. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and now functions as a community meeting space.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cornish Odd Fellows Hall is set on the south side of High Road, opposite a small park at the triangular junction of High Street, Main Street, and McCubrey Way in the town center. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, roughly rectangular, with a steeply-pitched hip roof and clapboard siding. Facing roughly northwest, its northern corner has a four-story tower with a clock at the third level and Gothic lancet-arched windows at the fourth level, with a pyramidal roof. A three-story gabled pavilion projects at the center of the main facade, with a double-door entrance on the first floor and Colonial Revival Palladian windows on the second and third floors. The interior of the building has tongue-and-groove wainscoting, molded architrave trim, and a painted pressed-metal ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1902 by local craftsmen, the building is unusual in the state as a rural example of large-scale distinctive vernacular architecture. It was used by the Odd Fellows until the 1940s, and by the Rebekahs until the 1960s, after which it was sold to the town. It is now used as a community meeting and event space.</p><br>
<p>The Fullerton Odd Fellows Temple, also known as IOOF Building or Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodge No.103 or Williams Building, is located in Fullerton, Orange County, California. It was built during 1927-28 for the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodge Number 103, which existed from 1901 to 1981.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the historic downtown area of Fulton, facing the Santa Fe Railway line.</p><br>
<p>It served historically as an Independent Order of Odd Fellows—IOOF Temple, a meeting hall, a specialty store, a post office, and a music facility. It was built in Early Commercial style.</p><br>
<p>The Fullerton Odd Fellows Temple was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>It is a three-story building 75 ft by 110 ft in dimension that is made of dark red brick with pale pink and blue terra-cotta tile. Its first floor was designed to be leased out as commercial space; its second floor was reserved for the Odd Fellows group; its third floor was available to other organizations. It was deemed by the city of Fullertons 1978-79 historic survey to be "one of the most outstanding of Fullertons brick buildings" and was designated Local Historic Landmark #15 by the Fullerton City Council in November 1980.</p><br>
<p>Choga Mami is a Samarran settlement site in Diyala province in Southern Iraq in the Mandali region. It shows the first canal irrigation in operation at about 6000 BCE. It is no longer clear which way cultural developments were flowing in the 6500 to 4500 BCE period.</p><br>
<p>The site, about 70 miles northeast of Baghdad, has been dated to the late 6th millennium BCE. It was occupied in several phases from the Samarran culture through the Ubaid. Buildings were rectangular and built of mud brick, including a guard tower at the settlement&#39;s entrance. Irrigation supported livestock (cattle, sheep and goats) and arable (wheat, barley and flax) agriculture.</p><br>
<p>One important aspect of the site therefore is the evidence that it yields for chronological relationships between North and South Mesopotamian cultures, at least in the area of Mandali, and for connections with Iran. The introduction of irrigation, new types of grain, foreign ceramic styles and domestic cattle are all located in the Choga Mami phase, a late manifestation of the Samarran Period in lowland Mesopotamia. This chronological identification thus also suggests the source of these innovations: migration from the lowlands.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts found at Choga Mami include Samarran painted pottery and elaborate clay female figurines.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Choga Mami phase had a few small village clusters with small irrigated areas where people grew wheat and barley; herded sheep, goats and some cows; and hunted gazelles and other wild fauna. Some canals reached more than five kilometers in length, which would require the cooperative labor of larger groups.</p><br>
<h3>Irrigation</h3><br>
<p>Rain fed agriculture came into being some 10 thousand years ago in the arid lands of the Eastern Mediterranean. At the Neolithic village of Choga Mami, in Eastern Iraq near the Gangir River, archaeologists discovered the presence of simple gravity flow furrow irrigation dating to the 6th millennium BCE (Oates and Oates 1976). Even earlier simple irrigation is argued for the 7th millennium site of Beidha in Southern Jordan (Byrd 2005). The manipulation of water come long before the emergence of social power controlled the huge irrigation networks of the 3rd millennium. Channeling water to fields must have come soon after the domestication of plants. If so, Choga Mami is a late representative of manipulation of water to feed agriculture fields. Access to water is tantamount to managing risk whether a hunter-gather or a farmer. Where water is a scarce resource and population are wholly dependent on irrigation for agricultural yield the risks are highs and risk management is essential. Thus, the tenuous nature of irrigation necessitates the management risk for the very survival of the community.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Choga Mami was originally excavated by a team of archaeologists, led by Joan and David Oates. The first season of this excavation project began on December 2 of 1967 and would extend until February 26 of 1968. The archaeological site of Choga Mami was chosen for excavation in part due to its location in Iraq, along an area which would have ostensibly seen heavy foot traffic during the time, in which it would’ve been considered part of the Mesopotamian region. During the excavation the team of archaeologists found mud brick rooms all similar in size and thoughtfully aligned, pottery, tools, and many small clay figures. Among all this, Oates also found a jar containing the fragmented remains of what is presumably an infant burial, which led them to believe that this location would have been the site of a small town.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built out of mud bricks, the Choga Mami settlement had rectangular shaped homes with many rooms. A mud-brick tower guarded the entrance to the settlement. Despite the excavations that have gone on in Choga Mami, there is no clear evidence that it formed part of a town wall. It is more likely to have been a watch tower that guarded the entrance, encouraged by a part of an ascending ramp found beside it. The standard house type for the settlement consisted of two to three rows of many, small rooms with external buttresses corresponding with the internal walls and corners. The largest buttress measured 10 x 7 meters and contained twelve rooms in three rows. A unique feature of the ancient homes was that they were built directly on top of, or occasionally within, the walls of the predecessors in earlier levels. Choga Mami had village clusters with small irrigated areas where people were free to grow their wheat or tend to their fauna. Some of these canals reached more than five kilometers in length and could easily reach the two rivers encompassing Choga Mami.</p><br>
<h2>Ceramics/Pottery</h2><br>
<p>The remaining pieces of pottery that were found at this location were regularly constructed with the same materials and had the same overall general look as those of some of the later Samarran Culture. The aforementioned, lead the team of archaeologists to believe that this location may have been inhabited, or greatly influenced by the Samarran Culture in the area. Among the clay artifacts that have been excavated at Choga Mami, there has been both painted and unpainted pots, clay beads, and small figurines. Terracotta figurines were also found at the site of Choga Mami, these figurines have a resemblance to those of the of the later Ubaid period, found in southern Iraq. These small Terracotta figurines are often depicted as standing male or female statutes with their hands at their waist and intricately decorated, yet depicted with exaggerated body proportions. There has been minimal remains of the Terracotta figurines found fully intact due to their composition, these figurines were often assembled with added on smaller pieces, thus the additional pieces, over time broke off at the joining point.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel May Williams House is a former museum in Galveston, Texas. The second-oldest surviving residence in Galveston, it is now on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The home was built in 1839 for Samuel May Williams, one of the founders of Galveston. The prefabricated house was shipped from Maine and constructed on 7 ft off the ground, raised on ten piers. The 1.5-story house was topped with a cupola, where Williams installed a telescope so that he could be one of the first to learn when interesting cargo arrived by ship. After Williams&#39; death in 1858, the house was sold to his friend, Phillip C. Tucker, and became known as the Tucker House. The Tucker family retained possession of the house until 1953.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by, and became the first project of, the newly organized Galveston Historic Foundation. Restoration was partially funded by a grant from the Moody Foundation. In 2007, the executive director of the GHF, stated "I can hardly overemphasize the importance of this house, not only to Galveston and Texas history, but to the history and affections of our organization." The house was opened to the public in 1959, restored to its original look in the late 1970s, and opened to regular tours in 1984. Attendance dropped from 25,000 to 1,000 visitors per year, and the museum was closed in 2007. The interiors were redesigned as part of an interior design showcase, and the house was offered for rent in 2008. It survived 2008&#39;s Hurricane Ike unscathed.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Samuel May Williams moved to Mexican Texas in 1822 and soon began working as the secretary to Stephen F. Austin, the first empresario in Texas. During the Texas Revolution (1835&ndash;1836), Williams and his business partner Thomas F. McKinney used $99,000 of their own funds to purchase supplies for the Texian Army; Williams also purchased the first ship in the Texas Navy, the schooner Invincible.</p><br>
<p>The war concluded with a Texian victory over Mexico, and the province known as Texas became an independent nation, the Republic of Texas. Between 1836 and 1838, McKinney and Williams worked with Michel B. Menard to get federal permission for the Galveston City Company to create a community on the eastern end of Galveston Island. In April 1838, Williams was named one of five directors of the company, which had permission to sell shares that could be redeemed for land or resold. The new city of Galveston grew rapidly, with over 4,000 residents in 1840. The city was geographically isolated, with no fresh water. There was not a bridge to connect the island to the mainland, and water was delivered by steamer every day.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>In late 1838, Williams won election to the Fourth Congress. He asked McKinney to supervise the building of a home for the Williams family. Like most of the wealthier residents in the city, Williams wished to live along the banks of McKinney&#39;s Bayou. His 22 acre lot was located near the bayou at 35th Street and Avenue A, about 2 mi west of the town.</p><br>
<p>Williams had ordered a prefabricated house, which was shipped from Maine. It was built in the Greek Revival style, with some elements of classic Louisiana plantation architecture. The bricks used for the piers were transported to Galveston as ballast on ships. The 1.5 story house was topped with a cupola and widow&#39;s walk. The first floor had long porches, and dormer windows adorned the attic. The cupola windows could be opened, allowing cool ocean breezes to enter the house. The house faces east, and had a large gallery on both the south and east sides.</p><br>
<p>The downstairs consisted of a parlor, dining room, central hallway, and two bedrooms. Both the parlor and the front bedroom had French doors that opened onto the porch. The upstairs had four small bedrooms, each with a dormer. Classical wood columns supported the porch roof, and a white picket fence surrounded the house. A detached brick kitchen was in the rear, and on either side of the house were 10 acre garden plots. Williams estimated that the house cost $7,472.</p><br>
<h2>Williams family residence</h2><br>
<p>For the next 20 years, Williams, his wife, and children lived in the house. Williams often lounged on the widows walk. At this time, Galveston Island had few trees or tall buildings, and from the widows walk Williams could see the Gulf. He could also watch the horse races at a nearby race track which he co-owned with McKinney. He installed a telescope on the widow&#39;s walk, pointed towards the harbor. It was customary for ships to flash signals as they approached land to inform the harbormaster of the types of cargo they carried. Williams used his telescope to examine approaching ships; if one flashed the signal of an interesting cargo, Williams would rush downtown to start trading. This gave him a competitive advantage over other merchants, who did not learn of the cargo until the ship was closer to shore. Partially as a result of this tactic, the McKinney & Williams commission house "was considered one of the wealthiest and most influential establishments in Texas".</p><br>
<p>As Williams&#39; wealth grew, he made his home more comfortable. He ordered portraits painted of both himself and his wife; these were hung in the parlor of the house. In a stable behind the house he kept two horses, a carriage, and a barouche. The family had four slaves, who lived in outbuildings near the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Williams died in the house on September 13, 1858, of what his doctor called "general debility". The funeral was held several days later at the house.</p><br>
<h2>Tucker family residence</h2><br>
<p>In 1859, Williams&#39; children sold the house to a family friend, Philip C. Tucker, and it became known as the Tucker House. The same year, Galveston received train service to the mainland; three times a week people could travel via train to Houston.</p><br>
<p>A fire in the 1890s destroyed the cupola and damaged some of the second story floors. During the reconstruction of the city, the grade of the populated portion of the island was raised. Four feet (1.2 m) of sand was pumped under the house, giving it the appearance of having only 3 ft piers.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the "Free State of Galveston" collapsed as law enforcement worked to eradicate corruption and illegal activity. As the city&#39;s gambling, prostition, and illegal drinking establishments were closed, city leaders began to look for other means to attract tourists. This prompted an increased interest in historic structures. The Galveston Historic Foundation (GHF) was established in this decade, primarily to save the Williams house.</p><br>
<p>To assist in preserving the house, the GHF received a grant from the Moody Foundation. The foundation had been established by Galveston resident William Lewis Moody, Jr. to support educational, scientific, religious, and health institutions in Texas. Its chairman, Mary Moody Northen, who was a member of the Texas Historical Commission advisory board, emphasized historic preservation. The GHF restored the house, and in 1959 it opened to the public. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>After finishing the restoration, the GHF worked to restore other historical buildings in Galveston. The GHF absorbed the Galveston Historical Society shortly after, becoming one of the largest locally based groups focused on historic preservation in the United States. Author Susan Wiley Hardwick wrote that "The initial work of the GHF, preservation of the Williams home, set the stage for the preservation and redevelopment of the Strand commercial district, located one block from the harbor."</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Initially, the house was furnished with donated items.</p><br>
<p>The GHF conducted extensive research in 1978 to determine the houses appearance during Williams lifetime. The house was subsequently restored to its 1854 appearance, with a reconstructed cupola. It was reopened to the public for regular tours in 1984. For a time, the museum used innovative interpretive technology. As technology changed, however, the museum fell behind. New audiovisual systems and technology are expensive and, as with most historic house museums, a limited budget made it difficult to adapt. Jessica Foy Donnelly wrote in Interpreting historic house museums that "changing technology for audiovisual systems contributed to the failure to continue an exciting interpretive technique."</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the house received new landscaping, donated from the Hotel Galvez. In preparation for adding a new outdoor pavilion, the Galvez uprooted hundreds of shrubs and perennials. Many of these, including oleanders, daylilies, hibiscus, plumbago, agapanthus, and bougainvillea, were relocated to the grounds around the Williams house.</p><br>
<p>Attendance slowly dwindled, and in the first nine months of 2007 the museum received only 1,000 visitors, each of whom paid about $3 per ticket. These funds were not enough to cover maintenance on the house.</p><br>
<h2>Post-museum</h2><br>
<p>After closing its doors to the public, the house was used by the Texas Gulf Coast Chapter of the American Society of Interior Designers as a showcase. The home was redesigned at no cost to the GHF. Designers donated their time, and businesses and craftsmen donated an estimated $100,000 worth of materials and time. The redesigned house features wood floors, stenciling in the entryway, and faux crown molding in the dining room. The color palette is now blues, roses, soft yellow, and gold colors, and the furniture is a mix of period pieces&ndash;some originally owned by the Williams family&ndash;and contemporary furniture. The theater was converted to a kitchen, and the bathroom was upgraded with antique fixtures.</p><br>
<p>After the showcase concluded, the GHF offered the house for lease. Tenants would also serve as curators and would be required to interview for the opportunity to live there. Tenants are requested to open the house or grounds occasionally. This is the first time that a group has leased a historic building with a newly redesigned interior. The home suffered minimal damage during Hurricane Ike, which hit Galveston in September 2008.</p><br>
<p>In early 2016 the GHF sold the house to Leah and Mariano Garcia-Blanco, who moved to Galveston from North Carolina in 2014 and who are restoring the interior of this home so important to Galveston and Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>In 2007, Dwayne Jones, then executive director of the GHF, stated "I can hardly overemphasize the importance of this house, not only to Galveston and Texas history, but to the history and affections of our organization. The house inspired a generation of active, public-spirited Galvestonians to found what has grown into the largest local historic preservation group in the nation — an organization that has had a profound effect on our community."</p><br>
<p>The house is reputed to be haunted by Williams. Tourists have reported feeling a cold draft and a presence outside the bedrooms of the children.</p><br>
<p>A replica of the house was built in the Woodlands, a northern suburb of Houston, in the early 2000s. Homebuilder Insignia Homes chose six historic Texas houses, and built luxury replicas in a single neighborhood. Although the exterior is almost identical to the original Williams house, the interiors were redesigned to be more modern.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklin IOOF Hall is an commercial and fraternal society building at the junction of Center Harbor Road and Reach Road  in Brooklin, Maine. The three-story Second Empire style building was erected in 1875, and is one of the small community&#39;s largest 19th-century buildings and one of its architecturally most significant. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brooklin IOOF Hall is a three-story wood frame structure located a short way west of the center of Brookin on Maine State Route 175. It has a mansard hip roof with gabled dormers, and is basically rectangular, except for a projecting stairwell at the northwest corner. The main facade faces east, and is divided into two bays, separated by a brick chimney sheathed in weatherboard up to the roof, and then with a slightly projecting roof section built around it. The first floor of the building is divided into two storefronts, with entrances near the outer corners and windows toward the center, their interior finished in tongue-and-groove woodwork on the walls and ceilings. The second floor was designed as a community auditorium space, with plaster walls and a tongue-and-groove ceiling. The lodge space on the third floor is more elaborate, with a medallion in the ceiling, and retaining its original regalia, including benches, seats, and podium.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1896, and remains one of the small town&#39;s largest and architecturally most distinguished buildings. The principal alterations since its construction include the addition of the chimney to the front of the building, and the conversion of what was originally a four-story tower to what is now the stairwell. At the time of its listing on the National Register in 1990, it was still in active use by the local chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows.</p><br>
<p>Fort Pleasant — formerly known as Fort Van Meter and Town Fort and still also known as the Isaac Van Meter House — is a historic site located near the unincorporated community of Old Fields about 5 miles north of Moorefield in Hardy County, West Virginia, USA. Situated on the South Branch Potomac River, a young Colonel George Washington directed a fortification to be built here in 1756 during the escalating hostilities with Native Americans and French known as the French and Indian War. The fierce skirmish known as the Battle of the Trough occurred about a mile and a half away the same year. The existing Federal style house, built just after the American Revolution, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>According to the Geographic Names Information System, Fort Pleasant was also known throughout its existence as "Fort Hopewell" and "Waggener&#39;s Lower Fort." (The latter name distinguished it from Fort Buttermilk, also known as "Fort Waggener", about 5 miles upstream and also built by Capt. Waggener in 1756.) It was also sometimes called "Fort Van Meter", a name now commonly given to another Van Meter family fort some nine miles downstream at the northern end of The Trough which was built around the same time.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>Settlement (1740s)</p><br>
<p>The area around Fort Pleasant was first settled by Isaac Van Meter (ca. 1692-1757), his wife Annetje Wynkoop, and their four children in 1744, at which time the family constructed a fortified log cabin there. George Washington first visited the "Indian Old Fields" (as the area was called) as a teenager and conversed with Isaac Van Meter there in 1747-48 while he was surveying Lord Fairfaxs land grant. Washington recorded in his journal that he met with "Mr Vanmetrise" on behalf of Fairfax, who asserted that the Van Meter tract was part of his own South Branch Manor (a part of the Northern Neck Proprietary). Van Meter insisted that he had the land on the authority of the Virginia Council grants of 1730 and that they had nothing to do with Fairfaxs grant. (Subsequent litigation played out until well after the Revolution, at which time the Van Meter heirs finally prevailed.)</p><br>
<p>Hostilities (1750s)</p><br>
<p>In 1756, at the outset of the French and Indian War, a large new fort and its supporting structures were erected on Isaac Van Meters property by Captain Thomas Waggener under orders from now Colonel George Washington. The fort was first known by the name of the Van Meter family, which had also assisted in its initial construction and maintenance. It was a substantial palisaded defense enclosing a blockhouse and log houses. (Washingtons written instructions indicated a quadrangular shape with 90-foot-long walls, bastions in the corners, barracks, and a magazine.) Fort Pleasant was one in a chain of forts that ran along the frontier of the Allegheny Mountains and for a time it served as the local headquarters for the Virginia Regiment on the South Branch. It was never attacked directly by Indians but several raids occurred nearby. Soon after its construction, the Battle of the Trough (1756) took place a short distance to the north in and around the large river gorge known as The Trough. In 1757, working unprotected in his fields, Isaac Van Meter was attacked, scalped, and killed by Indians of the Delaware and Shawnee tribes.</p><br>
<p>Renovations (1770s & &#39;80s)</p><br>
<p>There exists a map/drawing of Fort Pleasant signed by James Witt and dated May 1770. The drawing shows blockhouses at the corners of the fort, suggesting that the structure was either remodeled or totally rebuilt sometime after the end of the War. After the 1777 founding of Moorefield to its south, the fort was known as "Town Fort" due to its proximity to the new town. When Washington was in the region for the last time — he visited Abraham Hite at Old Fields on 28–29 September 1784 — he observed that the Fort Pleasant blockhouse was still standing. Eventually, Isaac&#39;s son Garrett Van Meter (1732-1788) had most of the old fort and original family cabin removed and built a strong brick structure — half above ground and half below — in place of them for defensive purposes. (Parts of this unwieldy structure, connected by enclosed steps, still exist.)</p><br>
<p>The "Great House" (1790s)</p><br>
<p>The large brick house at Fort Pleasant was completed by Garrett&#39;s son, Isaac B. Van Meter (1757-1837), and his wife Elizabeth Inskeep Van Meter, before the end of the 18th century. (It was built on the very site of the old fort, thus both Fort and house bore the name "Fort Pleasant".) The impressive residence is a massive double-chimney Federal-style building constructed of clay bricks fabricated on the Fort Pleasant farm. Its "giant order" columns — colossal columns spanning two stories — were among the first such features in the region and Fort Pleasant mansion acquired a reputation as one of the "great houses" of the South Branch Valley.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>A portion of the old fort apparently survived Garrett Van Meter&#39;s renovations and the construction of the great house by his son. When Samuel Kercheval (1767-1845), the local historian, visited the site in 1830, he remarked that "one of the block-houses, with portholes was still standing, and the logs particularly sound". Thus, the last vestiges of the old fort did not vanish until later in the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Other Van Meter settlements</h2><br>
<p>Fort Pleasant is one of five significant VanMeter family dwellings in the Old Fields area; the others are Traveler&#39;s Rest, Fort Van Meter, the Garrett VanMeter House, and Buena Vista Farms.</p><br>
<p>The Central Fire Station is located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States and serves as the headquarters of the Davenport Fire Department, as well as the downtown fire station. Built from 1901 to 1902, it is the oldest active fire station west of the Mississippi River. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first group of volunteer firefighters in Davenport were organized in 1856 and called the Independent Fire Engine and Hose Company. The city&#39;s early fire fighting corps were all volunteer hook and ladder and hose companies, which were paid a small fee to extinguish a fire, and competed against one another for business. They were located throughout the city in makeshift quarters and generally possessed poor equipment. By 1880 the city determined it needed a professional, paid fire department.</p><br>
<p>The Davenport City Council authorized the formation of a municipal fire department in 1882. Marsh Noe was the first fire chief and twelve men made up the first paid fire department. The city’s first firehouse, Hose Station No. 1, had been built on Perry Street in 1877 for the Fire King Engine 2nd Hose Company. Before the turn of the 20th-century, the city built other small hose stations throughout the city.</p><br>
<p>By 1901 the city decided it needed a new and larger fire station downtown. At this time there were six hose companies located throughout the city, a citywide alarm system was in place as well as a fire hydrant network. The location of a double engine firehouse across West Fourth Street from the Scott County Court House was selected as the location for the new building. The building was opened in 1902, which makes it the oldest active fire station west of the Mississippi River. It was built at a cost of $21,000. As the city and the fire department grew a two-story annex was added to the rear of the building around 1940. It added three additional truck bays.</p><br>
<p>The building continues to serve as a fire station although it had space and access problems. In 2015 the city addressed the space problems of the facility. It announced in February that a rectangular two-story addition with five fire engine bays to the east of the original fire station, creating an "L" shaped structure. It replaces the addition built in the 1940s, which was torn down. The original station has been maintained and houses the fireboat, air van and brush rig on the first floor and the second-floor houses the administrative offices for the department. Access issues were addressed by the new addition.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Davenport’s fire stations have employed the Italianate style and the Central Fire Station is no exception. It also employs elements of the Classical Revival style as well. The building is a two-story structure and features three bays across its main façade, which faces West Fourth Street. Two towers flank the main entrance, which is on Scott Street. The Italianate elements are found in the hose tower and the low hipped roof. The Neoclassical elements are found in the pedimented entrance and in the round-arched window heads and their simplified keystones.</p><br>
<p>The main floor of the building is an open 57 by room with no supporting posts. When it was built it could hold four hose wagons and had stalls for ten horses that pulled the wagons. The stalls were paved with vitrified brick, and each had its own sewer connect. There was also a ventilation system to help eliminate odors and flies.</p><br>
<p>The taller tower had a bell loft and cornice that were removed sometime before 1953. It was then made to look like the shorter tower. A bell, cast in 1869 by Michael Donahue, contained 200 silver dollars to give it a proper ring and was hung in the tall tower. The tower, then as now, was used to hang the fire hoses to dry.</p><br>
<p>The second floor contained the chief’s bedroom, office, and bathroom. There was also a room for a switchboard and repeater. The rest of the second floor was taken up by a dormitory, locker room and bathroom for the firefighters.</p><br>
<p>Three additions have been added to the building over the years. The first is attached to the back of the building facing Scott Street and was added around 1940. It was a brick structure that contained a three-bay garage with a second floor above. It featured elements of the Art Deco style. The second addition is a small, one-story attachment on the northwest corner of the building that was added in 1950. Both the c. 1940 and the 1950 additions were removed when the 2016 addition was built. The newest addition exhibits elements of Modern architecture.</p><br>
<p>Quiza, which Pliny the Elder called Quiza Xenitana, was a Roman&ndash;Berber colonia, located in the former province of Mauretania Caesariensis. The town is identified with ruins at Sidi Bellater, Algiers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Quiza was originally a small Berber village, with Phoenician roots. It grew under the Roman empire. Around 120 AD, the emperor Hadrian erected an arch in the city.</p><br>
<p>William Smith identified Quiza with Giza near Oran, Algeria. More recent investigations have identified it with present-day El-Benian on the coast road between Mostaga and Dara.</p><br>
<p>In his Natural History, 4.2.3., Pliny the Elder: writes: "Next to this is Quiza Xenitana, a town founded by strangers&quot a remark explained because the word Xenitana is derived from Greek ξένος, "a stranger", as explained also by Victor Vitensis. The town is mentioned also by Pliny elsewhere (5.2), by Ptolemy, and by Pomponius Mela.</p><br>
<h2>Bishopric</h2><br>
<p>Quiza is also a titular see of Christianity. Quaestoriana was in the ecclesistical provence of Byzacena.</p><br>
<p>At the Council of Carthage (411), which brought together Catholic and Donatist bishops, Quiza was represented by the Catholic Priscus, who had no Donatist counterpart. He is mentioned also in a letter of Saint Augustine to Pope Celestine I. Tiberianus of Quiza was one of the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal king Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled. In addition, the name of a Bishop Vitalianus appears in the mosaic pavement of the excavated basilica of Quiza.</p><br>
<p>Bishops</p><br>
<p>No longer a residential bishopric, Quiza is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<p>Priscus fl 411.</p><br>
<p>Tiberianus of Quiza fl484</p><br>
<p>Vitalianus</p><br>
<p>Adrien André Maria Cimichella, O.S.M. † (5 Jun 1964 Appointed – 21 Jul 2004 Died)</p><br>
<p>José Guadalupe Torres Campos (10 Dec 2005 Appointed – 25 Nov 2008 Appointed, Bishop of Gómez Palacio, Durango)</p><br>
<p>Cirilo B. Flores † (5 Jan 2009 Appointed – 4 Jan 2012 Appointed, Coadjutor Bishop of San Diego, California)</p><br>
<p>Linas (Genadijus) Vodopjanovas, O.F.M. (11 Feb 2012 Appointed – )</p><br>
<p>Union Station, also known as Union Station and Burlington Freight House, is located near the riverfront in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The buildings are in a section of downtown with several historic structures. Across Ripley Street to the west is the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Freight House, and to the east across Harrison Street is the Dillon Memorial. On River Drive northwest from the Burlington Freight House is The Linograph Company Building. Across Beiderbecke Drive to the south are the W.D. Petersen Memorial Music Pavilion and the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rail service through Davenport was being discussed and planned to start in 1842. Up to this point, however, the Mississippi River had never been crossed by a bridge anywhere. That was accomplished by 1856 when the first railroad bridge was built between Davenport and Rock Island, Illinois, and the city’s rail history began. By 1895 several rail lines already passed through Davenport when Frank Blair organized the Davenport, Rock Island and North Western Railway. In five years the company completed its route to Clinton, Iowa and the Crescent Bridge (1899) across the Mississippi between Davenport and Rock Island. The bridge is downstream from the site of the first railroad bridge that crossed the river.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the DRI & NW was purchased by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. The former railroad already operated in Davenport while the latter did not. The railroads each had a station in Davenport and in 1916 plans were made to build a union station on the riverfront. They were revised in 1923 and following year the DRI & NW and its parent companies built Union Station on the levee grounds. After World War II passenger service started to fade until it was discontinued in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The building eventually became a Trailways bus station. The main floor of the station has served as a visitor’s center since the 1990s. The upper floors and the freight house are office space. A $450,000 renovation of the facility was completed in 2009. It is the only passenger train station remaining in Davenport.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Union Station and the Burlington Freight House are two separate buildings that are joined by a wood post and beam shelter. The station has twin facades. The rail side faces south and the north side faces a parking lot on River Drive. Similarly, the freight house was built with docks on the north and south sides of the building in order to facilitate the transfer of cargo.</p><br>
<p>The station is a two-story, Georgian Revival, tan brick building. It is built on a concrete foundation. The building features a stylized Greek temple front on the north and south elevations, which emphasizes the building’s entrances. The temple features four columns that are attached to the building with tapered, square shafts and stylized capitals. The columns support a Classical entablature that includes dentils, round medallions, and stepped fascia. A heavy cornice crowns the perimeter of the building. The building features rectangular windows on both floors, but the first-floor windows are framed with arches. Keystones made of concrete highlight the windows. Deep awnings are above the primary entrances.</p><br>
<p>The Burlington Freight House is a single-story building that is constructed with the same materials as Union Station. As mentioned above the building featured docks, with oversized doors on both the north and the south sides of the building. The south dock, however, has been removed to accommodate an access ramp. The architectural style is the same as that of the station. The decorative details on the freight house are limited to a horizontal band of concrete at the cornice level and concrete window sills.</p><br>
<p>St Margaret of Antioch Church in Leigh Delamere, Wiltshire, England was built on the site of a previous 12th-century church in 1846 and dedicated to Margaret the Virgin. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a Grade II* listed building, and is now a redundant church in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It was declared redundant on 1 November 1992, and was vested in the Trust on 16 December 1993.</p><br>
<p>The previous church had been built around 1190, in an Early English style with Norman features. In 1301 the patron of the church was John De la Mare. By 1846 the church was in a dilapadated condition and it would have cost more to repair than rebuild. The new church was commissioned by Joseph Neeld and designed by James Thomson, who also designed the nearby Grittleton House. Stonework from the earlier church, including the bell tower, was reused by Thomson to build Sevington School.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic chancel includes a reredos which is carved and decorated in many colours. The west window has stained glass by Thomas Wilmshurst. There are many memorials including those to the Neeld Baronets.</p><br>
<p>A new organ was installed in 1896, and electricity supplied in 1949, although attendance by this time was very low. The building was designated as Grade II* listed in 1960, In the 21st century a 15th-century stone rood which had been hidden under the pews was restored by Minerva Conservation and placed in the chancel.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the church was used as a venue for "pop-up" opera with a performance of The Barber of Seville.</p><br>
<p>The Ada Odd Fellows Temple stood at 109-115 N. 9th Street in Boise, Idaho. Built in 1903 by the prominent local architecture firm of Tourtellotte and Co. , It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, due largely to its association with Tourtellotte. Its sandstone masonry was quarried from nearby Table Rock.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, the north half of the building was demolished, and construction began on the First Security Building (now known as Plaza 121) in its place. Also demolished at the time was the buildings original ornate, Gothic-style entrance. In 1990, the Odd Fellows sold the remaining building to First Security (now part of Wells Fargo). Over the objections of some members of the Idaho State Historical Society, First Security demolished the remaining Odd Fellows building in 1994, citing concerns about the buildings condition.</p><br>
<p>In its place, First Security created a "pocket park" that included a low wall made from some of the temples original sandstone. The remainder of the stone was donated to the Idaho Shakespeare Festival, which used it in the construction of its outdoor theater on Warm Springs Avenue, and to the Boise School District, which used it in the restoration of the Bown House, an 1879 building on the campus of Riverside Elementary School. which covers much of the lot, although the wall built from the Odd Fellows Temples sandstone can still be seen in front of the Berryhill & Co. restaurant that now occupies the ground floor of the site.</p><br>
<p>The Robert S. Vance Federal Building and United States Courthouse, previously known as the USA Post Office and Federal Building & Courthouse, is located at 1800 5th Avenue North in Birmingham, Alabama. It served historically as a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, and as a post office. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 3, 1976. It is still in use by the USA Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Alabama.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the United States Congress enacted H.R.3961, officially redesignating the building as the "Robert S. Vance Federal Building", in honor of Robert Smith Vance, a United States Court of Appeals judge who had been assassinated the previous year by a mail-bomb sent to his home. The bill was signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on May 29, 1990, becoming Public Law No: 101-304.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The building is representative of the Classical Revival style of architecture, and because it is a continuing symbol of the Federal presence in Birmingham. With its sleekness and lack of ornate embellishment, the Birmingham Federal Building was a precursor to the more conservative Classicism exhibited in the Federal Buildings of the 1930s. The Classical Revival style of the building seems to be a transition between the pre-World War I preponderance of Beaux Arts Classicism and the more austere classicism of the 1920s and 30s. The Office of the Supervising Architect under James A. Wetmore is listed as architect of the building. It was common in the early 20th Century for the employees of the USA Treasury Department to design Federal buildings with the Supervising Architect listed as the architect of record.</p><br>
<p>The original United States Post Office in Birmingham was a small, frame structure on 19th Street. Before the Falling Fire of &#39;59, the building was used as a stop in the Underground Railroad. The Post Office moved three times before locating in the new building in 1921. Although the site was acquired for the building in 1911, and the original plans completed in 1916, construction of the Federal Building was apparently halted during World War I. The building was finally completed and occupied in September 1921, though the cornerstone was laid in May 1918. Birmingham, founded in 1871, was just beginning to boom in the early 20th Century. Much of the credit for obtaining such a large building for the young city goes to Congressman (later Senator) Oscar W. Underwood, who obtained the appropriations for initial design and construction, and continued to seek increases as the size and cost of the building grew. The Post Office has moved out of the building, but the structure continues to maintain a prominent presence in the financial/business district of downtown Birmingham. Occupying an entire city block of 5th Avenue, between 18th and 19th Streets, the building is a local landmark and the historic symbol of the Federal presence in Birmingham.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural description</h2><br>
<p>The Federal Building and United States Courthouse is a four story white marble building of the Classical Revival style. It occupies an entire block of 5th Avenue, between 18th and 19th Streets in the Central Business District of downtown Birmingham.</p><br>
<p>The main elevation (south) includes a fourteen bay central colonnade flanked on either side by a projecting entrance pavilion and wing. The wings extend rearward so that the mass of the building creates a U-shape. The original building (1921) was two stories high, above a full basement. In the later 1920s a two story addition was constructed appearing as a third level, slightly recessed behind a balustrade, and an attic below a hipped roof. The central colonnade is composed of fourteen free-standing Ionic columns. Each bay between the columns contains an arched window at the first floor. The colonnade supports an unembellished entablature with an unadorned architrave and denticulated cornice, which continues around the south, east and west elevations. The third floor is largely hidden at the central colonnade by a marble balustrade. The projecting entry pavilions flank the central colonnade. Each entry is approached by a broad flight of granite steps flanked by marble cheek walls with original cast bronze light standards. The arched main entries are delineated by engaged Ionic columns which support the entablature above the second floor level.</p><br>
<p>The east facade is composed of a five bay colonnade at the center with flanking three bay pavilions. Six engaged Ionic columns comprise the colonnade, which is flanked by rectangular piers. The projections flanking the central recessed east pavilion are three bays wide. Copper clad dormers emerge from the roof - one over each end pavilion, and three over the center. Two bronze and glass entry doors appear at the head of short flights of steps at the northeast and southeast corners. The doors are set within an arched opening and are surmounted by nine-light arched windows. Gothic, lantern-style, wall-mounted fixtures flank each door.</p><br>
<p>The west elevation is similar to the east, except that a shingled penthouse appears on the roof of this elevation. There is one arched entryway at the northwest corner. At the center of the elevation, marble steps lead down to a basement entry (now closed). The building site is surrounded on the south, east and west elevations by a massive marble balustrade. Marble clad walls off the balustrade open onto the entries. The landscaping is dominated by magnolia trees at the east and west elevations. The north elevation contains the original loading dock area. The east and west elevations continue around to the north end with original detailing. The walls of the light court are light grey brick. The original loading dock has been filled-in and is used for parking and as a secured entry.</p><br>
<p>Significant interior spaces include the marble finished lobby with brass elevators and grand marble staircases at each end; marble elevator lobbies and corridors at second and third floors; and a ceremonial courtroom on the third floor which features full-height wood paneling.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently undergoing a major remodel to bring it back to a more original look on the interior and a restoration of the exterior.</p><br>
<p>The Tyndall Range, commonly called The Tyndalls, is a mountain range that is part of the West Coast Range located in the Western region of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>The main focal point for the range is Mount Tyndall which lies at the northern part of the range. The whole range western slopes can be viewed from the Anthony Road, while the plateau like formation of The Tyndalls is a road free area requiring viewing either from the air, or by foot.</p><br>
<p>Within the range lies the Tyndall Regional Reserve, a nature reserve that is the western buffer zone for the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park World Heritage Area. The area is north of Mount Sedgwick.</p><br>
<p>The Tyndalls were named in 1877 by James Reid Scott on the suggestion of Thomas Bather Moore in honour of Professor John Tyndall, a Fellow of the Geological Society who made important contributions in physics, atmospheric science and geology.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Tyndall Range have a number of glacial lakes, the larger being Lake Huntley, Lake Rolleston, Lake Tyndall and Lake Matthew. The signs of the glaciation were first described by Thomas Bather Moore in 1894.</p><br>
<p>The Tyndalls were explored for minerals in the early twentieth century, but no significant working mine ever eventuated.</p><br>
<p>The Tyndalls lie south east of the Henty Gold Mine, and Hydro Tasmania dam on the upper Henty River and south of Lake Mackintosh, Lake Murchison and Tullah. They are west of the Sticht Range.</p><br>
<p>Ağgöl  is a large salty lake in Kur-Araz Lowland, Agjabadi and Imishli raions of southeastern part of Azerbaijan. It is the second largest lake of Azerbaijan and one of about 450 lakes of the country. Ağgöl is considered one of the most important habitats in Azerbaijan as well as in Caucasus. Located in Ağgöl National Park, it is a part of the wetland system which is an important location for migrating birds, especially for globally endangered species stopping-over and breeding at Aggöl.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Ağgöl is believed to be one of the seven lakes which were created as a result of a major earthquake in Ganja on September 25, 1139, when huge block of Mount Kapaz collapsed blocking the path of rivers thus creating a beautiful lake Göygöl and seven other smaller lakes: Maral-gol, Jeyran-gol, Ordek-gol, Zalugolu, Aggöl, Garagol and Shamligol. The further formation of the lake was also due to landslides.</p><br>
<p>Origins of the lake are connected to Araz and Kura rivers as well as rivers originating in Karabakh Plateau. The water flowing in from Araz enriches the lake with chlorides and has high mineralization. It is argued that throughout the ages, the rivers have flooded the area creating depressions and then refilled them with water. Before the 20th century, Ağgöl was already partially fed by drainage waters from irrigated fields. The volume of water in the lake had fluctuated in the past when it faced being dried out in single years and when it reached very high volumes of water in other years. When the Mingachevir dam was built in the mid 20th century, the water regime in the Mil steppe and Kura-Araz lowland changed. From 1960, the water to the lake inflowed only from saline water collectors built in the region to drain irrigation waters. In the present, the lake is fed by "K-2" and "K-3" collectors. Some areas around the lake have been used as pasture grounds. Other areas were transformed into irrigated agricultural lands used to grow cotton, wheat, lucerne, vegetables and wine.</p><br>
<h3>Protected area</h3><br>
<p>The Ağgöl is often described as eutrophic lake. The overall area is about 56.2 km&sup2; and the volume of water in the lake is 44.7 million m. The average water depth of 0.8 m, maximum depth being 2.5 m. Water levels tend to be lowest in August. With arrival of fall, the level rises and reaches its maximum during rain season in the spring. There are two islands (10 ha) covered by reed.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the area of the lake was declared zapovednik thus setting the highest level of protection category allowing only the scientific research. In 2001, the global importance of the lake was internationally recognized when the area was declared as Important Bird Area (IBA) when it was placed in the list of Ramsar wetlands of international importance. Therefore, in 2003, the protected area was enlarged by the presidential decree to the size 18,000 hectare. It is managed by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic. The ministry supervises the activities in preservation of the flora and fauna in the protected area and guards it against illegal hunting and fishing.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The lake usually does not freeze with a few exceptions due to infrequent severe frost. The total annual precipitation at the lake is up to 332 mm, minimum being 13 mm in August and maximum of 37 mm in March.</p><br>
<h2>Effects of Karabakh conflict</h2><br>
<p>Due to occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan by Armenian armed forces which caused ethnic cleansing of hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijani refugees and internally displaced persons from Karabakh and Armenia, they were settled in many regions of Azerbaijan a large part of which was concentrated in 84 settlements of Agjabadi raion. Some were placed in villages around Aggöl. Due to lack of food, this also caused increase in illegal fishing thus affecting the fauna of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Knocknashee  is a 276 m Marilyn in the Ox Mountains, County Sligo, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The River Moy rises at the foot of Knocknashee.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Knocknashee hill consists of a limestone top with shales underlying the lower slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Knocknashee was identified as a hilltop fort in 1988. It is an enclosed hill fort with limestone ramparts containing cairns, burial chambers and hutsites. The fort is 700 metres long and 320 metres wide and is enclosed by two earth and stone ramparts covering an area of 53 acres. The site was discovered during an aerial survey of county Sligo by the Office of Public Works in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the plateau itself comes from Irish, ‘knock’ (cnoc) meaning ‘hill’ and ‘shee’ (sí) meaning ‘burial mound’ or of the fairies. In older Irish Knocknashee is known as Mullinabreena.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture references</h2><br>
<p>"Knocknashee" was a play by Irish playwright Deirdre Kinahan. It was first produced 24 January 2002 in the Civic Theatre, Tallaght, Dublin 24.</p><br>
<p>"The Hills Of Knocknashee" is a traditional Irish song.</p><br>
<p>The River Moy so gently flows from there unto the sea. Farewell to you, farewell to all from the hill of Knocknashee "The Hills Of Knocknashee" lyrics and chords</p><br>
<p>"Knocknashee" with music by Neil Martin and lyrics by Brendan Graham</p><br>
<p>Lake Amaramba  is a shallow lake in Mozambique, near the border with Malawi. Located in the Nyasa plateau, it is north of Lake Chiuta. The lakes are separated by a sandy ridge and a channel links the two lakes. On the western side of the channel, the connecting waterway is known as the River Msambiti while on the eastern side, it is known as the Lugenda River. Lake Amaramba is intermittently linked to the Lugenda River, a tributary of the Ruvuma River.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Amaramba is part swamp and part open water spread over a total area of 8,350 hectare. The open water area accounts for 4,350 hectare and swamp or marshy land accounts for 4,000 hectare. It is bound within geographical coordinates of 14&deg;22&prime;00&Prime;S latitude, 35&deg;52&prime;00&Prime;E longitude and 14&deg;40&prime;00&Prime;S latitude, 35&deg;58&prime;00&Prime;E longitude at an elevation of 635 m. The lake, formed in a shallow depression, is swampy on the southern and eastern side. The lake measures 35.25 km in length with an average width of 1.2 km. For the most part, it lies N.N.E. and S.S.W. The northern end of the lake bears W.N.W. with a width of 1,800 ft to 2,400 ft. The only conspicuous features visible east of the lake are the hills, separate from one another, named Mitumbi, Mero, Mangombo, Chikalulu and Lipembegwe.</p><br>
<p>Its drainage basin lies partly in Malawi with a minor stream entering the lake at its southern end. At its upstream end, Lake Chiuta feeds it through a 9 km long link channel. During the rainy season, the two lakes become one mass of water spread area. The outlet of the lake leads to the Lugenda River, which in turn joins the Rovuma River, a larger river system. The Amaramba Lake exhibits a feature of a wide river. However, the lake has a narrow width as compared to the Lake Chiuta on the upstream which has a triangular shape.</p><br>
<p>The lake waters are a sustaining source of fresh water for the people in the region for growing crops and providing the means of inland transportation. The combined lakes, during the annual flood season, also make the land fertile through deposition of enriching silt.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake system (both Chiuta and Amaramba) had in the past very rich wild life but during the civil war suffered severe poaching and hunting. Aqua fauna in the lake also suffered due to overfishing caused by migrants from Malawi. Following this destruction, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Oxfam GB initiated measures to stop the illegal practices. A participatory approach involving people of the area, the local and provincial government and the Coastal Security Commission, was evolved to address the adverse ecological aspects created in the past, with the objective of enhancing production from the lake system without resorting to overuse of the resources of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The five-year programme envisaged for revival of resources of the ecosystem of Lake Chiuta-Amaramba area, through a participatory approach, involves several measures. The first of these is to prevent resource overuse and introduce measures for increasing productivity to enhance economic conditions of the community thriving on the lakes resources. Establishing a formal lake reserve in Lake Chiuta-Amaramba would preserve the lakes fish and waterbirds and would increase aquatic resources for rightful use by the local community. Also of importance would be establishing checks and balances on the quality and quantity of produce removed from the lake. Protection of the surrounding forest area through an appropriate wildlife management mechanism would permit for diversification of wildlife species which would promote the base structure of the rural livelihood. The final revival measure of the program consists of creating an environment to market local products.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1882, Henry E. ONeill, H.B.M. Consul to Mozambique and 1885 recipient of the Royal Geographical Society Gold Medal, surveyed the area and subsequently published, Journey from Mozambique to Lake Shirwa, and discovery of Lake Amaramba itemizing nine villages and hamlets, named after their chiefs, at the lakes shores. Five of these were upon the eastern (Napulu, Cheinlola, Chekungwa, Chemaunda and Chengogwe), three upon the western (Akumhumbwa, Chemina and Chemataka), and one was located at the northern extremity (Akamtundu). Currently, the nearest town to the lake is Cacova on its western side.</p><br>
<p>The Linograph Company Building, also known as known as the Englehart Manufacturing Company Building and RiverWalk Lofts, is a historic building located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties and on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Linograph Company Building was designed by two prominent Davenport architects. The original building was the work of the architectural firm of Clausen & Kruse. The 1949 addition was the work of Arthur Ebeling.</p><br>
<p>The building was an industrial facility for the company, which made typesetting machines, or the Linograph. The machines were distributed internationally, as well as across the country, and they "contributed significantly to the advancement of the typesetting process." The company occupied the building until 1944 when it was sold to a competitor, Intertype Corporation and Englehart Manufacturing Co. In 1954 The Salvation Army acquired the building, and used it for a variety of purposes, including an Adult Rehabilitation Center, which relocated in 2004. MetroPlains Development of St. Paul, Minnesota bought the building in July 2007, and started converting the building into loft apartments in October of the same year. The $8 million project was completed in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is a four-story, rectangular structure built of concrete on a raised concrete foundation. Extensions were added to the east of the original structure, which altered the buildings main entrance. Some of the windows were filled in over the years, but large windows were placed in the buildings fenestration during the 2009 renovation. A loading dock on the south side of the building was covered over at some point.</p><br>
